1、Designation: C709 09 An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toManufactured Carbon and Graphite1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body with pre-ferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis a
3、lignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test.agglomerate, n in manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains.anistropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which the isot-ropy ratio based on the value of the coefficient of thermalexpansion (25
4、500C) is greater than 1.15.ash, nin carbon and graphite technology, residue remainingafter oxidation of a carbon or graphite.binder, nsubstance, usually an organic material such as coaltar pitch or petroleum pitch, used to bond the coke or otherfiller material prior to baking.carbon, nelement, numbe
5、r 6 of the periodic table ofelements, electronic ground state 1s22s22p2.carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology, artifact con-sisting predominantly of the element carbon and possessinglimited long range order.DISCUSSIONThe presence of limited long range order is usuallyassociated with low electri
6、cal and thermal conductivity and difficultmachinability when compared with graphite.carbon foam, n in carbon and graphite technology, porouscarbon product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcave, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a con
7、tinuummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the non-graphitic state.The final result is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell size.cell (bubble), nin carbon and graphite technology, singlesmall cavity formed by gaseous
8、displacement in a precursormaterial in its plastic state, and surrounded completely by itswalls when formed. Cells can be open or closed.DISCUSSIONAfter processing at high temperatures, the basic struc-ture of the cell will remain even as the material converts from a plasticstate to a rigid carbonac
9、eous structure. Hence, the term cell will applyto a carbon product.cell count, nin carbon and graphite technology, in closed-cell foams, number of cells aligned in one plane in one linearinch, as determined by stereoscopic image analysis.cell size, nin carbon and graphite technology, averagediameter
10、 of the cells in the final foam product.closed cell, n in carbon and graphite technology, cell totallyenclosed by its walls and hence not interconnected withother cells.Aclosed cell foam is a foam consisting predomi-nantly of closed cells.coke, ncarbonaceous solid produced from coal, petroleum,or ot
11、her materials by thermal decomposition with passagethrough a plastic pressive strength, nproperty of solid material thatindicates its ability to withstand a uniaxial compressive load.defect, nof a manufactured carbon or graphite product, anyirregularity in the chemistry, microstructure, or macrostru
12、c-ture.defective, adjhaving flaws or dimensional deviations greaterthan acceptable for the intended use.electrographite, nin carbon and graphite technology, syn-onym for manufactured graphite.extruded, vformed by being forced through a shaping orificeas a continuous body.filler, nin manufactured car
13、bon and graphite producttechnology, carbonaceous particles comprising the baseaggregate in an unbaked green-mix formulation.flaw, ndefect sufficiently greater than those typical of themorphology of a carbon or graphite body to influence aproperty.flexural strength, nproperty of solid material that i
14、ndicatesits ability to withstand a flexural or transverse load.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 20
15、09. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C70906. DOI:10.1520/C0709-09.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replace
16、d by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information1flow line, ndefect induced by discontinuous flow velocitiesduring forming of molded or extruded bodies.grade, ndesignation given a material by a manufacturer suchthat it is always reproduced to the s
17、ame specificationsestablished by the manufacturer.grain, nin manufactured (synthetic) carbon and graphite,particle of filler material (usually coke or graphite) in thestarting mix formulation. Also referred to as granularmaterial, filler particle, or aggregate material. The term isalso used to descr
18、ibe the general texture of a carbon orgraphite body, as in the descriptions listed below:coarse grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are substantially greater than 4 mm in size.fine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mix thatare generally less than 100 m in size.medium gr
19、ained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 4 mm in size.microfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 2 m in size.superfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 50 m in size.ultrafine
20、grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 10 m in size.DISCUSSIONAll of the above descriptions relate to the generallyaccepted practice of measuring the sizing fractions with a criterion that90 % of the grains will pass through the stated screen size in a standard
21、particle sizing test.graphene layer, nin carbon and graphite technology, singlecarbon layer of the graphite structure, describing its natureby analogy to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of quasi-infinite size.DISCUSSIONThe term graphite designates a modification of thechemical element carbon in wh
22、ich planar sheets of carbon atoms, eachatom bound to three neighbors in a honeycomb-like structure, arestacked in a three dimensional regular order. For a single layer, it is notcorrect to use the term graphite, which implies a three dimensionalstructure.graphite, nallotropic crystalline form of the
23、 element carbon,occurring as a mineral, commonly consisting of a hexagonalarray of carbon atoms (space group P 63/mmc) but alsoknown in a rhombohedral form (space group R 3m).graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology, materialconsisting predominantly of the element carbon and possess-ing extensiv
24、e long-range three-dimensional crystallographicorder as determined by X-ray diffraction studies.DISCUSSIONThe presence of long-range order is usually accompa-nied with high electrical and thermal conductivity within the hexagonalplane. This results in a material having relatively easy machinabilityw
25、hen compared to non-graphitic materials. The use of the termgraphite without reporting confirmation of long-range crystallographicorder should be avoided as it can be misleading.graphite foam, nin carbon and graphite technology, porousgraphite product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcav
26、e, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a continuummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the graphitic state. Thefinal result is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell
27、size.graphitic, adj in carbon and graphite technology, all vari-eties of substances consisting predominantly of the elementcarbon in the allotropic form of graphite irrespective of thepresence of structural defects.DISCUSSIONThe use of the term graphitic is justified if three-dimensional hexagonal c
28、rystalline long-range order can be detected inthe material by X-ray diffraction methods, independent of the volumefraction and the homogeneity of distribution of such crystallinedomains. Otherwise, the term non-graphitic should be used.graphitizable carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology,non-gra
29、phitic carbon, which, upon graphitization, convertsinto graphitic carbon (also known as a soft carbon).graphitization, nin carbon and graphite technology, solid-state transformation of thermodynamically unstable non-graphitic carbon into graphite by thermal treatment.DISCUSSIONThe degree of graphiti
30、zation is a measure of the extentof long-range 3D crystallographic order as determined by diffractionstudies only. The degree of graphitization affects many propertiessignificantly, such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,strength, and stiffness.DISCUSSIONAcommon, but incorrect, use of
31、 the term graphitizationis to indicate a process of thermal treatment of carbon materials at T 2200C regardless of any resultant crystallinity. The use of the termgraphitization without reporting confirmation of long range threedimensional crystallographic order determined by diffraction studiesshou
32、ld be avoided, as it can be misleading.graphitizing (nuclear grade) isotropic/near-isotropiccokea coke, which under reflected light microscopy,shows a fine mosaic texture where the individual micro-scopic domains show optical activity as the stage is rotatedwhen both the polarizer and analyzer are i
33、n a crossedposition in the optical path of the microscope.DISCUSSIONThe isotropic coke with optical domains of 20 miconsis, crucially, a coke that develops three-dimensional order on heattreatment to temperatures 2400C, and hence may be described asgraphitic. Furthermore, graphite produced from such
34、 a coke exhibits aCTE in the range of 3.5 10e-6to 5.5 10e-6(25 to 500C), and isisotropic in the sense that the ratio of the ag/wg CTE (25 to 500C) isyielding between 1.00 and 1.10. Similarly, graphite produced from anear-isotropic coke is defined as yielding graphite wehre the ag/wgCTE (25 to 500C)
35、is between 1.10 and 1.15. The precursors to agraphitizing isotropic coke form fluid mesophase on thermal conver-sion to a solid graphitizable carbon.green carbon, nformed, but unfired carbon body.hard carbon, nsee non-graphitizable carbon.hardness, nresistance of a material to deformation, particu-l
36、arly permanent deformation, indentation, or scratching.impervious carbon, nsame as impervious graphite with theexception that the base stock has not been graphitized.impervious graphite, nmanufactured graphite that has beenimpregnated with a resinous material to make the final articleimpervious to l
37、iquids in the recommended operating range.C709 092impregnation, npartial filling of the open pore structure withanother material.isotropic, adj in carbon and graphite technology, having anisotropy ratio of 0.9 to 1.1 for a specific property of interest.isotropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which
38、the isotropyratio based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.001.10.isotropy ratio, nin carbon and graphite technology, ratio ofa given property value in the against grain direction to itscorresponding value in the with grain direction (for example,the ratio of coefficients of therma
39、l expansion).lamination, nline of demarcation or elongated void gener-ally parallel to the principal grain direction of a carbon orgraphite body.longitudinal sonic pulse, nsonic pulse in which the dis-placements are in the direction of propagation of the pulse.machinability, nmeasure of the ease wit
40、h which a materialcan be shaped with the aid of cutting or abrasive tools.manufactured carbon, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subjected to a temperature typicallybetween 900 and 2400C.manufactured graphite, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subjected to a temperatu
41、re typicallyin excess of 2400C and whose matrix is thermally stablebelow that temperature.molded, vformed in a closed die by the application ofexternal pressure.natural graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology,material consisting predominantly of graphitic carbon,which forms in the earths crust
42、as the result of igneous ormetamorphic processes acting on carbonaceous materials.DISCUSSIONThe degree of crystalline perfection in these materialsmay vary. Natural graphite may contain significant quantities of ganguematerials, either attached to or intercalated with graphitic carbon.nearisotropic
43、nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which theisotropy based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.101.15.non-graphitizable carbon, nin carbon and graphitetechnology, carbon which cannot be transformed into gra-phitic carbon solely by heat treatment up to 3000C underinert atmosphere or redu
44、ced pressure (also known as a hardcarbon).non-graphitizing isotropic cokea coke, which under re-flected light microscopy shows no mosiac texture and nooptical activity when both the polarizer and analyzer are ina crossed position in the optical path of the microscope as thestage is rotated.DISCUSSIO
45、NThe optically inactive isotropic coke is a coke that doesnot develop three-dimensional order on heat treatment to temperatures2400C, and hence may not be described as graphitic. The precursorsto a non-graphitizing isotropic coke do not form fluid mesophase onthermal conversion to a solid carbon. (T
46、here is the exceptional case ofanthracite coal which is graphitizable but does not pass through a fluidmesophase stage.)open cell, nin carbon and graphite technology, cell that isnot totally enclosed in its walls and hence interconnectedwith other cells. An open-cell foam is a foam consistingpredomi
47、nantly of open or connected cells.orientation (of a crystal), nangular position of a crystaldescribed by the angles which certain crystallographic axesmake with the frame of reference.orientation (of a grain), nangular position of a graindescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes of thegrai
48、n make with the stated frame of reference. Generallyused to characterize the axis of the grain that has the largestphysical extent, for example, in a grain of needle coke.orientation (of an object), nangular position of an objectdescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes orsurfaces of the o
49、bject make with the frame of reference.oxidation of carbon, nchemical combination of carbon withoxygen or oxygen-containing compounds.particle sizing, vsegregation of granular material into speci-fied particle size ranges.penetration, ndepths to which one material extends into orpenetrates another.permeability, nproperty measured by the rate of passage ofa fluid under a pressure gradient through a material.pore, nsee void.pore, nin carbon and graphite techno
