1、Designation: D2946 01 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Terminology forAsbestos and AsbestosCement Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2946; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms and definitions, defini-tions of terms, and abbreviations of terms relating to asbestosand asbestos-
3、cement products.1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech
4、nicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC296 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Pressure PipeC428 Specification forAsbestos-Cement Nonpressure SewerPipeC458 Test Method for Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement Product
5、sC500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC508 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Underdrain PipeC541 Specification for Linings for Asbestos-Cement PipeC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC663 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Storm Drain PipeC6
6、68 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Transmission PipeC875 Specification for Asbestos-Cement ConduitC966 Guide for Installing Asbestos-Cement NonpressurePipeD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fib
7、erand Asbestos TextilesD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of Asbestos Tex-tilesD2589 Test Method for McNett Wet Classification of DualAsbestos FiberD2950 Test Method for Density of Bituminous Concrete inPlace by Nuclear MethodsD2985 Test Method for Color of
8、 AsbestosD3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole Asbestos(Withdrawn 2009)3E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relatingto Occupational Exposure to Asbestos (Withdrawn 1991)32.2 Other Do
9、cuments:2ASTM STP 834, 1982 Definitions for Asbestos and OtherHealth-Related Silicates3. Terminologyaccessible bag, nfor sampling, a bag (in a pile of bags ofasbestos fiber) of which at least one side or one end is fullyexposed.accessible surface, nfor sampling, in a pile of bags ofasbestos fiber, a
10、 side (of the pile) in which all the bags areaccessible bags.accessoriessubordinate material such as fasteners, backerstrips, closure strips, ridge and corner rolls, roofing startersand finishing pieces, couplings, gaskets, pipe fittings or othersupplementary material necessary for the proper applic
11、ationof primary asbestos-cement products.actinolite asbestosasbestiform variety of the monoclinicamphibole silicate minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series.DISCUSSIONIts empirical formula is Ca2(Mg, Fe+2)5Si8O22(OH)2.Its Chemical Abstracts4number is 77536-66-4 (see Table 1 and Table2).adhesion,
12、nfor asbestos, see fiber adhesion.aggressivity index, nmeasure of the corrosiveness of watertoward asbestos-cement defined as:1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Ceme
13、nt Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2946 01(2010).DOI: 10.1520/D2946-01R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
14、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Taken from Practice E849.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendati
16、ons issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1pH1logAH! (1)where:pH = negative of the logarithm of the hydronium molarity(index of acidity of the water) pH units.A = total alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3, as determined by TestMethods D1067, andH = calcium hardness,
17、 ppm as CaCO3, as determined byTest Method D1126.DISCUSSIONThe aggressiveness of water toward asbestos-cement isclassified as follows:Aggressivity Indexhighly aggressive Mg)Cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7(Si8O22)(OH)2Tremolite Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2Ferroactinolite Ca2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2Actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5(Si8
18、O22)(OH)2Glaucophane NaMg3Al2(Si8O22)(OH)2ATaken from Deer, Howie, and Zusman, Rock Forming Minerals,Vol.3,Longmans, London, 1967.D2946 01 (2018)2black, adjcolor description applied to opaque objects that arehighly light absorbing throughout the visible spectrum.bloom, nfor asbestos-cement, see effl
19、orescence (bloom).bundlean assemblage of asbestos in which the fibers remainentirely in their original close-packed parallel configuration(or not appreciably displaced therefrom) and having atransverse dimension typically between 2 and 8 mm (seeTable 3).caulkingmaterial ranging in physical character
20、istics fromplastic, to solid, to preformed, used to seal and waterproofjoints and overlaps in structures, other assemblies or portionsthereof where movement may occur.chemical resistancefor asbestos cement products, the abilityof the product to resist chemical attack, dissolution, decom-position or
21、other chemical changes when in contact withliquid, gaseous, or solid media normally encountered in itsservice environment.chrysotile, nan asbestos mineral belonging to the serpentinegroup, having a chemical composition close toMg3SiO5(OH)4.DISCUSSIONModerate amounts of aluminum may substitute forsil
22、icon and moderate amounts of iron may substitute for magnesium.Small amounts of MnO, CaO, K2O, and Na2O are also reported in thechemical analyses. The crystal structure of chrysotile asbestos consistsof double layers, each consisting of a layer of linked SiO4tetrahedrathat is coordinated to a second
23、 layer of linked MgO2(OH)4octahedralinked through the sharing of oxygen atoms; the composite double layerrolls up, like a scroll to form long hollow tubes. The outer diameters ofthe individual tubes are in the order of 25 nm; the length-to-diameterratio can vary from 20 to well over 10 000. Chrysoti
24、le is characterizedby a combination of a distinctive morphology, a chemical compositionclose to Mg3Si2O5(OH)4, and characteristic X-ray and electron diffrac-tion patterns. Its Chemical Abstracts number4is 12001-29-5 (see Table1 and Table 2).chrysotile asbestossee chrysotile.CIE, nabbreviation for In
25、ternational Commission onIllumination, which in French is Commission Internationalede lclairage.5CIE observer, nfor color determination, see standardobserver, CIE 1931and supplementary observer, CIE1964.CIE source C, nsee standard source.clip, nfor shingles, see storm anchor (clip).closure stripasph
26、alt or rubber preformed filler strip havingthe same shape and pitch as the asbestos-cement corrugatedproduct and used to close openings in the corrugated sheetsat window beads, eaves, lower edge of siding, and similarplaces.cohesion, nfor asbestos, lateral force resisting separation ofadjacent fibro
27、us elements.DISCUSSIONAsbestos may be described as having low to highcohesion.color variationfor asbestos-cement products, property ofnonuniform color exhibited before or after pacted backfill, nfor pipe laying, backfill material thathas been compacted to the density specified by the posite sample,
28、nfor asbestos, a set of unit samples ofasbestos fiber (drawn systematically or at random) takenfrom a lot, comprising not less than two and not more than200 bags, for use in the laboratory as a test sample, that is,as a source of test specimens.conditioning, nfor sampling, the process by which the f
29、iberis put into a consistent state to be tested.conduit, nfor asbestos-cement, asbestos-cement pipe used toprotect wires for electric-power or communication systems,for both underground and exposed situations.constructor, nfor pipe laying, party that furnishes the workand materials for placement and
30、 installation.contaminants, nfor asbestos, any foreign matter (other thanassociated minerals and fines) in a sample of asbestos fiber.corner rollhalf-round unit of asbestos cement used to trimand flash corners in asbestos-cement corrugated applica-tions.corrugateddenotes an asbestos-cement sheet pro
31、duct hav-ing a design of alternating ridges and valleys manufacturedaccording to a specified pitch.coupling, nfor asbestos-cement conduit, sewer, underdrain,and storm drain pipe, component made from a largerdiameter pipe of the same type or type II and of the sameclass, or of a higher class, or prod
32、uced otherwise to yield atleast equal performance, for joining asbestos-cement pipethat when properly installed, forms a silt-tight joint, allowsalignment corrections and slight changes in direction, andprovides an assembled joint equivalent in serviceability andstrength to the pipe sections.DISCUSS
33、IONAlternatively, for storm drain couplings, plastic sleevesthat, when properly installed develop sufficient tightness to prevent thesurrounding soil from entering the drain, may be used as couplings.coupling, nfor asbestos-cement non-pressure sewer pipe,section for joining asbestos-cement non-press
34、ure sewer pipe,that when properly installed with the proper accessories,5Commission Internationale de lEclairage (International Commission on Illu-mination). The CIE color-order system is the most important of those used inconnection with instruments for color measurement. See Practice E308.TABLE 3
35、Relative Dimensions of Naturally Occurring ChrysotileAgglomerates in Increasing Order of Transverse DimensionOrder NameApproximate Transverse Dimensionmin max1 Fibril 0.0 m 0.1 m2 Fiber (single) 0.015 m 0.1 m3 Spicule . .4 Nonfibrous spicule . .4 Fiber spicule . 1 mm5 Pencil 1 mm 8 mm5 Spelk 1 mm 8
36、mm6 Bundle 8 mm .6 Crudy bundle 8 mm .D2946 01 (2018)3develops an assemble joint equivalent in serviceability andstrength to the pipe sections when tested in accordance with8.3 of Specification C428.coupling, nfor asbestos-cement pressure pipe, section forjoining asbestos-cement pipe that, when prop
37、erly installedwith the proper accessories, develops a joint equivalent instrength and serviceability to the pipe sections.crenulationsmultiple kinks that can increase the apparentfiber cohesion.DISCUSSIONAsbestos may be described as free of crenulations or ashighly crenulated.crocidolite, ncommon na
38、me for riebeckite asbestos.DISCUSSIONAlso known as blue asbestos (see Table 1 and Table 2).cross-fiberasbestos that is located in (or derives from) veinsor seams in which the fibers are close-packed and areoriented at a large angle to the boundaries of the veins orseams.crude asbestoshand-cobbed (re
39、leased from its ore bymanual hammer impact) cross-vein asbestos in its natural orunfiberized form.crudiness (kroodiness)the extent to which a sample ofasbestos contains crudy elements. See crudy.crudy (kroodi)the quality of processed asbestos with rela-tively low specific surface area and degree of
40、fiberization,containing an appreciable portion of intact assemblages offiber (derived from the term crude asbestos).crudy (kroodi) bundlea heavy assemblage of asbestos inclosed-packed parallel orientation, that may be partiallycrushed, and that has a transverse dimension exceeding 8mm.crushing stren
41、gthproperty of solid material that indicatesits ability to withstand collapse from external compressiveloads.curereaction mechanism in which the physical, chemical,and mechanical properties of a hydraulic cement changethrough the phases of slurry-paste-solid with time, with orwithout external heat,
42、in the presence of water.curing agentadditive incorporated in the furnish ofasbestos-cement products resulting in modified chemicalactivity between the cementitious components with an in-crease or decrease in the rate of cure.daylight 0.785 rad, 0 rad (45, 0) luminous directionalreflectance, ndaylig
43、ht 0.785 rad, 0 rad (45, 0) luminousdirectional reflectance (for brevity called reflectance) is theratio of the luminous flux from a specimen illuminated at anangle of 0.785 rad (45) by CIE Standard Source C5(averagedaylight) and viewed perpendicularly by the CIE StandardObserver, to the luminous fl
44、ux from the standard magnesiumoxide layer, similarly illuminated and viewed.DISCUSSIONThese conditions of illumination and observation maybe interchanged without affecting the results. The combination ofillumination at 0.785 rad (45) and viewing at 0 rad (0) (perpendicu-larly) has been selected as b
45、eing representative of average conditions ofilluminating and viewing. The property of reflectance determines whichof two specimens will appear lighter when viewed in average daylightat an angle at which the observation of highlights is avoided.deflectionlinear distance that a test specimen bends at
46、thecenter from no load to stated load when loaded as a beam.diffuse reflection, nprocess by which incident flux is distrib-uted by reflection over a wide range of angles.drawings, nfor pipe laying, illustrations (such as drawings,sketches, graphs, or photographs) on paper, film, diskettes,magnetic t
47、ape or other media, blueprints, layouts, designs,figures, portrayals, pictures, charts, maps, images, patterns,diagrams, representations, and plans supplied by the pur-chaser to show the location and details for the constructionof the pipeline and appurtenances.Dutch or Scotch methodmethod of applic
48、ation forasbestos-cement roofing shingles which are rectangular inshape and lap at the top and one side to form either a squareor rectangular pattern.efflorescence (bloom)white powdery substance occurringon the surface of asbestos-cement products, caused by themigration of soluble salts to the surfa
49、ce, followed byprecipitation and atmospheric carbonation of calcium hy-droxide.engineer, nfor pipe laying, the person, firm, corporation, orgovernment agency acting for the owner as his duly autho-rized agent in the designing and engineering of the project.fiber, nany material in a form such that it has a minimumlength to average maximum transverse dimension of 10 to 1,a maximum cross-sectional area of 5.06 10-2mm2(corre-sponding to a circular cross se
