1、Designation: D3053 17a1Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected definitions for OAN and COAN in March 2018.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon bl
3、ack and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined inother readily available sources are not included.1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
4、 for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackH
5、eating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD1511 Test Method for Carbon BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Blac
6、k ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method
7、for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDispersion in Rub-berD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardness (Withdrawn 2017)3D3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (C
8、OAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD5230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and
9、Testing of Possible CarbonBlack Fugitive Emissions or Other EnvironmentalParticulate, or BothD7854 Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at MeanPressure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused i
10、nto aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily composedof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofsphero
11、idal primary particles which exhibit uniformity ofprimary particle sizes within a given aggregate4and tur-bostratic layering within the primary particles.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon
12、 BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2018. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D3053 17. DOI:10.1520/D3053-17AE01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
13、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon b
14、lackis thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primaryparticle sizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was devel
15、oped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1DISCUSSIONCarbon bl
16、ack exhibits a hierarchy of morphologicalfeatures: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglom-erates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black is theprimary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are stronglyfused by covalent bonds into aggregates.4The pr
17、imary particles areconceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primaryparticle no longer exists, they are no longer discrete and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggre-gates join together by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.Agglomerates d
18、o not break down into smaller components unlessadequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particleand aggregate sizes are distributional properties and vary depending onthe carbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that wh
19、ile primary particleand aggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black,the primary particle size is essentially uniform within an individualaggregate.4carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonblack having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.D
20、ISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D
21、1765. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, th
22、epreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cas
23、s grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass
24、 grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ab
25、ility of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing process and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget val
26、ues for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese gra
27、des are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon blackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70
28、 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Cla
29、ssification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inC
30、lassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they are not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expecte
31、d to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass ofextensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersibleunit.carbon black mi
32、crostructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average o
33、f thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitatehandling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbo
34、n black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.car
35、bon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to theD3053 17a12fourth power, divided by the sum of the individual part
36、iclediameters, raised to the third power.carbon char, nthe unprocessed material obtained after apyrolysis process of scrapped rubber goods or the unpro-cessed material produced from pyrolysis of biomaterials.DISCUSSIONDue to its lack of post processing, carbon char may stillcontain wire and fabric,
37、and is typically not pelletized. This materialhas little or no reinforcing properties if introduced into a rubbercompound. The material has been used as a low cost carbon fuel orapplications that require low cost, non-reinforcing pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of com
38、pressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified si
39、eve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor c
40、rush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineadsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform incomposition and
41、 characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance withPractice D1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limi
42、ted to a light microscope,profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on ascale of less than 100 m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUS
43、SIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that
44、 is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimension in thenanoscale or having int
45、ernal structure or surface structure inthe nanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.5The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is for
46、med the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for
47、 example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.5Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (materi
48、al having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimen-sions in the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused to
49、gether to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.5The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smal
