1、Designation: D3451 06 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forTesting Coating Powders and Powder Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of proceduresfor testing coating powders and powder coatings. The testmethods included ar
3、e listed in Table 1. Where more than onetest method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt ismade to indicate superiority of one method over another.Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed byexperience and the requirements in each individual case,together with agreement b
4、etween the purchaser and the seller.1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specificallyfor the coating powder industry by the Powder CoatingInstitute, PCI, and the International Organization forStandards, ISO.1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders asapplied by electrostatic
5、 spray, fluidized bed, or any otherapplicable method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
6、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in
7、 the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD522 Test Methods
8、for Mandrel Bend Test of AttachedOrganic CoatingsD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on PaintedSteel SurfacesD658 Test Me
9、thod for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Withdrawn 1996)3D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking ofExterior PaintsD661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking ofExterior PaintsD662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion ofExterior PaintsD714 Test
10、Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering ofPaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsD870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of CoatingsUsing Water ImmersionD968 T
11、est Methods for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings by Falling AbrasiveD1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests ofPaints and Coatings on Metal SubstratesD1308 Test Method for Effect of House
12、hold Chemicals onClear and Pigmented Organic FinishesD1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of OrganicCoatingsD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell SystemD1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or CoatedSpecimens Subjected to Corrosive EnvironmentsD1729 Practice for Visual Appr
13、aisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum andAluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct res
14、ponsibility ofSubcommittee D01.51 on Powder Coatings.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3451 06 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D3451-06R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
15、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
17、 by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1TABLE 1 List of Test MethodsSection ASTM Method PCI Procedure ISOCoating Powder Properties:Sampling 6 D1898 8130-9Compatibility 9 #2 8130-12Lower explosion limit 10 8130-4Particle size and distribution 11.2 D5861Multiple s
18、ieve and analysis 11.4.1 D1921, E11 8130-13Accelerated storage stability 12Glass vial method 12.2 #1 8130-8Pourability 13 D1895 8130-5Fluidity 14Cured weight loss for thermosetting coating powders 15 #9 8130-7Gel time (stroke cure) 16 D4217 #6 8130-6Flow test (incline method) 17 D4242 #7 8130-11Spec
19、ific gravity 18 D5965 #4 8130-2; 8130-3Melting point determination 19Application Properties:Deposition/transfer efficiency of powder coating process 20 8130-10Powder Coating Properties:Abrasion resistance 22Air blast abrasion tester 22.2 D658Falling sand method 22.2 D968Taber abraser 22.2 D4060Adhes
20、ion 23Tape adhesion 23.2 D3359Chemical resistance 24Household chemical resistance 24.2 D1308Detergent resistance 24.3 D2248Acid resistance 24.4 D3260Stains or reagents on wood substrates 24.5 D3023Chip resistance 25Gravelmeter 25.2 D3170Corner coverage 26.2 D2967Elongation (flexibility) 27Conical/cy
21、lindrical mandrel 27.2 D522T-Bend 27.2 D4145Film thickness 21.5Nonmagnetic coatings on ferrous metals D7091Nonmagnetic, nonconductive coatings on non-ferrous metals D7091On nonmetal base D6132Destructive method D1005Hardness 28Pencil 28.2 D3363Knoop Indention 28.3 D1474Impact resistance 29 D2794Molt
22、ing/blocking resistance 30 D3003On Metal substrates 30.2 D3003In Wood substrates 30.3 D2793Print resistance 31 D2091Optical properties 32Guide To: 32.1 D5382Color pigmented coatings 32.2Visual 32.2.2 D1535Instrumental 32.3.3 D2244, E308, E1164,E1331, E1345, E1347,E1349Color difference 32.3Visual 32.
23、3.2 D1535, D1729, D2244Instrumental 32.3.3 D2244, E308, E1164,E1331, E1345, E1347,E1349Metamerism (visual) 32.4.1 D4086Distinction of image (DOI) 32.5.1 D5767, E430Hiding power/opacity 32.6.2 D6441 #3Gloss 32.7.2 D523Surface profile (orange peel) 32.8.2Color/Gloss/Texture Standards 32.932.9.1Prepara
24、tion, Maintenance, and Distribution 32.9.2 D5531Tolerances 32.9.3 D3134Outdoor exposure (natural) 33 D1014, D4141Adhesion 33.2.1 D3359Blistering 33.2.2 D714Chalking 33.2.3 D4214Checking 33.2.4 D660Cracking 33.2.5 D661D3451 06 (2017)2D1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum Sur-faces for P
25、aintingD1732 Practices for Preparation of Magnesium Alloy Sur-faces for PaintingD1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of CoatingsUsing Water Fog ApparatusD1895 Test Methods for Apparent Density, Bulk Factor, andPourability of Plastic MaterialsD1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn
26、1998)3D1921 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) ofPlastic MaterialsD2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of LacquersD2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)Steel Surfaces for Painting (Withdrawn 2008)3D2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-Alloy-Coated Ste
27、el Panels for Testing Paint and RelatedCoating ProductsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD2247 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in100 % Relative HumidityD2248 Practice for Detergent Resistance of Orga
28、nic FinishesD2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of CoatingsD2454 Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking onOrganic CoatingsD2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-ence With a Gray ScaleD2793 Test Method for Block Resistance of Organic Coat-ings on Wood Panel SubstratesD2
29、794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings tothe Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)D2803 Guide for Testing Filiform Corrosion Resistance ofOrganic Coatings on MetalD2967 Test Method for Corner Coverage of Powder Coat-ingsD3003 Test Method for Pressure Mottling and BlockingResistance of Or
30、ganic Coatings on Metal SubstratesD3023 Practice for Determination of Resistance of Factory-Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains and Re-agentsD3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss TolerancesD3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of CoatingsD3260 Test Method for Acid and Mortar Re
31、sistance ofFactory-Applied Clear Coatings on Extruded AluminumProductsD3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape TestD3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil TestD3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Compound(VOC) Content of Paints and Related CoatingsD4017 Test Method for Water i
32、n Paints and Paint Materialsby Karl Fischer MethodD4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings by the Taber AbraserD4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of MetamerismD4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-centrating Exposures of CoatingsD4145 Test Method for Coating Fle
33、xibility of PrepaintedSheetD4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalkingof Exterior Paint FilmsD4217 Test Method for Gel Time of Thermosetting CoatingPowderD4242 Test Method for Inclined Plate Flow for Thermoset-ting Coating PowdersD4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of CoatingsUs
34、ing Controlled CondensationD4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsD5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests ofPaint and Related CoatingsD5382 Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of PowderCoatingsD5531 Guide for Preparation, Maintenanc
35、e, and Distributionof Physical Product Standards for Color and GeometricAppearance of CoatingsD5767 Test Methods for Instrumental Measurement ofDistinctness-of-Image Gloss of Coating SurfacesD5861 Guide for Significance of Particle Size Measure-ments of Coating PowdersD5965 Test Methods for Specific
36、 Gravity of Coating Pow-dersD6132 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using anTABLE 1 ContinuedSection ASTM Method PCI Procedure ISORusting 33.2.6 D610Erosion 33.2.7 D662Flaking 33.2.8 D772Gloss 33.2.9 D523Color 33.2.10 D1729, D2244, D4086Accel
37、erated artificial weathering 34.3 D822, D4587, D5031,D6695, G141, G147,G151, G152, G153,G154, G155Accelerated environmental exposures 35Filiform corrosion 35.2.1 D2803Salt spray 35.2.2 B117SCAB corrosion 35.2.3Water resistance 35.2.4High humidity/100 % humidity 35.2.4.1 D1735, D2247Condensation 35.2
38、.4.2 D4585Water immersion 35.2.4.3 D870D3451 06 (2017)3Ultrasonic Coating Thickness GageD6441 Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power ofPowder CoatingsD6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint andRelated CoatingsD7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagne
39、tic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous MetalsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE430 Test Methods for Meas
40、urement of Gloss of High-GlossSurfaces by Abridged GoniophotometryE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColo
41、r Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Test
42、ingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc
43、 LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV)Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc L
44、ight Apparatus forExposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 8130-1 Determination of particle size distribution bysievingISO 8130-2 Determination of density by gas comparisonpykometer (referee method)ISO 8130-3 Determination of density by liquid displacementpykometerISO 8130-4 Calculat
45、ion of lower explosion limitISO 8130-5 Determination of flow properties of a powder/airmixtureISO 8130-6 Determination of gel time of thermosettingcoating powders at a given temperatureISO 8130-7 Determination of loss of mass on stovingISO 8130-8 Assessment of the storage stability of thermo-setting
46、 powdersISO 8130-9 SamplingISO 8130-10 Deposition efficiency of coating powdersISO 8130-11 Inclined-plane flow testISO 8130-12 Determination of compatibilityISO 8130-13 Coating Powder Part B; Particle size analysisby laser diffractionISO 8130-14 Powder Coating Terminology2.3 PCI Recommended Procedur
47、es:5PCI #1 Accelerated Stability Test Powder CoatingsPCI #2 Compatibility of Powder CoatingsPCI #3 Contrast Ratio Powder CoatingsPCI #4 Density of Powder Coating MaterialsPCI #6 Gel Time ReactivityPCI #7 Inclined Plate FlowPCI #9 Cured Weight Loss for Thermosetting Coating Pow-ders3. Terminology3.1
48、Definitions:3.1.1 contrast ratio, na value related to the hiding powderof a coating.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe ratio of the reflectance of thecoating over black and white backgrounds at equal filmthickness. In the coatings industry 98 % contrast ratio is byconvention characterized as being visually opaqu
49、e, for hidingpower measurement purposes, although it is recognized thatvisually (just as photometrically) the opacity is actually some-what less than complete. For the reported hiding power to besignificant, the contrast ratio value must be reported at aspecific film thickness.3.1.2 hiding power, nthe spreading rate of a coating at aspecified level of hiding, which is conventionally 0.98 contrastratio representing photometric “complete hiding.”3.1.2.1 DiscussionPractically speaking, hiding power isthe extent to which a powder coating masks the color an
