1、Designation: D4437/D4437M 16 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forNondestructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrityof Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437/D4437M; the number immediately following the designatio
2、n indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended for use as
3、 a summary ofnondestructive quality control test methods for determining theintegrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materialsin a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the testprocedures available for determining the quality of bondedseams. Any one or combination of the t
4、est methods outlined inthis practice can be incorporated into a project specification forquality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrimreinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable todestructive testing. For destr
5、uctive test methods, look at otherASTM standards and practices.1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include thefollowing: thermally bonded seams, hot air, hot wedge (orknife), extrusion, solvent-bonded seams, bodied solvent-bonded seams, adhesive-bonded or cemented seams, tapedseams, and
6、waterproofed sewn seams.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result
7、 in nonconformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of
8、 regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Tr
9、ade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5641/D5641M Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evalua-tion by Vacuum ChamberD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation ofDual Seamed GeomembranesD6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing
10、 of Geomem-brane Seams using the Spark TestD7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of GeomembranesD7177/D7177M Specification for Air Channel Evaluation ofPolyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomem-branes3. Significance and Use3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrictliquid mi
11、gration from one location to another in soil and rock,and the large number of seam methods and types used injoining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need forstandard tests by which the various seams can be compared andthe quality of the seam systems can be nondestructivelyevaluated. This prac
12、tice is intended to meet such a need.3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulatedfrom the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients toform a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets allspecified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheetmaterial (reinforced or nonr
13、einforced) shall be capable of beingbonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2,inaccordance with the sheet manufacturers recommendationsand instructions.4. Nondestructive Test Methods4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws inseam construction that are detected under a g
14、iven test proce-dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listedare not necessarily applicable to all polymeric geomembranematerials.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
15、Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4437/D4437M 16.DOI: 10.1520/D4437_D4437M-16R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
16、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with inter
17、nationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.2 Air Lance TestInspect all seams for unbonded
18、 areasusing an air nozzle directed on the upper seam edge and surfaceto detect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas withinthe seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check allbonded seams using a minimum 50 psi 345 kPa (gauge) airsupply directed through a316-in. 4.8-mm (typical) nozzle
19、,held not more than 2 in. 51 mm from the seam edge anddirected at the seam edge.4.3 Vacuum Box TestingInspect all seams for unbondedareas by applying a vacuum to a soaped section of seam. Thevacuum shall be applied by a vacuum box equipped with avacuum gauge, a clear glass view panel in the top, and
20、 a softrubber gasket on the periphery of the open bottom.3Thor-oughly soap a section of the seam and place the inspection boxover the soaped seam section and the gasket sealed to the liner.Apply a vacuum between 2 and 8 in. of mercury (Hg) (1 to4 psi) to the box by use of a gasoline or electric-driv
21、en powervacuum pump apparatus. The applied vacuum will showbubbles over unbonded areas; the unbonded areas can then bemarked for repair. See Practice D5641/D5641M.4.4 Ultrasonic (High-Frequency) Pulse Echo TestingTestall nonreinforced seams by passing a high-frequency soundwave through the seam over
22、lap to detect discontinuities in thebonded seam. A commercially available frequency generatorcapable of producing frequencies in the range of 5 to 15 MHzshall be used. The contact send/receive transducer head shall bethe width of the bonded seam width and shall be capable ofbeing moved at the rate o
23、f 5 to 7 ft/min 1.5 to 2.1 m/minalong the surface length of the seam area. The transducer headshall be so designed as to give continuous surface to surfacethickness measurements once calibrated. Ensure good contactof the test head with the lining surface by providing acontinuous contact medium (wate
24、r) at the interface betweentest head and lining. The ultrasonic signal shall be capable ofbeing viewed on a monitor and capable of triggering an audiblealarm when a discontinuity is detected. Discontinuities shall bemarked after detection. See Practice D7006.4.5 Mechanical Point StressingThis test m
25、ethod shall beused as a qualitative measure of edge bonding. A bluntinstrument (for example, a screwdriver) shall be run along theedge of the seam to find obvious unbonded areas. Theprocedure shall not puncture or otherwise damage the sheetmaterial. Perform point stressing only after the seam has ha
26、dsufficient time to cure in accordance with manufacturersdirections. This test method is not applicable to all materials,especially those that are easily punctured.4.6 Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-SeamGeomembranesThis test is applicable to dual-track seamsseparated by an unwelded air c
27、hannel. See Practice D5820. SeeSpecification D7177/D7177M for PVC geomembranes.4.7 Spark TestThis test is applicable to seams made byextrusion method or seams where it is practical to insert aconductive material in the seam just prior to or duringfabrication. See Practice D6365.5. Report5.1 The repo
28、rt shall include the following:5.1.1 Complete identification of geomembrane system, in-cluding type of polymer, source, thickness, reinforced ornonreinforced sheeting,5.1.2 Complete identification of seaming system used, in-cluding material, method, temperatures, seam width, cure time,and date of fa
29、brication of seams,5.1.3 Quality control test or tests used as outlined in thispractice, and5.1.4 The type of nondestructive test and number of appar-ent failures and repairs per 100 ft 30.5 m of seam.6. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this practice si
30、nce it merely refers to available nondestruc-tive methods which could be used in determining the quality ofbonded seams.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are express
31、ly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised,
32、either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may att
33、end. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States.
34、Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secu
35、red from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ sole source of supply of the apparatus (Series A 100 Straight Seam Tester)known to the committee at this time is the American Parts and Service Company,2201 West Commonwealth Avenue, P.O. Box 702, Alhambra, CA 91802. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D4437/D4437M 16 (2018)2
