1、Designation: D4609 08Standard Guide forEvaluating Effectiveness of Admixtures for SoilStabilization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4609; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide describes laboratory techniques for evaluat-ing the effectiveness of admixtures for improving the engineer-ing propert
3、ies of fine-grained soils.1.2 Effectiveness is assessed by comparing the unconfinedcompressive strength (UCS), moisture susceptibility, andmoisture-density relationships (MD) of treated and untreatedsoils.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given
4、 in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
5、limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guid
6、e may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard
7、” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stantsD422 Test Method for Particle-Siz
8、e Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2216 Test Methods for Laborato
9、ry Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stantsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Eng
10、ineering Design and ConstructionD3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils2.2 AASHTO Documents:3SPEL Special Products Evaluation ListT99Moisture-Density Relation
11、s of Soils, Using a 5.5-lb(2.5-kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305-mm) Drop33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions of soil and rockterms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Soil stabilizers are screened by comparing the results ofa suite of engineering soil tests
12、 conducted on untreated soil andthe same soil treated at appropriate amounts of the materialbeing evaluated. Effectiveness is assessed by comparing the1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization W
13、ithAdmixtures.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4609 01. DOI: 10.1520/D4609-08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
14、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.*A Summa
15、ry of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.o
16、rg) for the latest information1Atterberg limits, MD, UCS, and resistance to moisture oftreated and untreated soil samples.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to assist users and producers ofsoil modifiers, and stabilizers in the evaluation of a productspotential for improving a soils e
17、ngineering properties (such asdeformation under load, shear strength, and volume stability).5.2 The results of these tests can be used to make a decisionto continue experimentation to assess longevity, durability, andpractical value, and establish appropriate rates of applicationfor field trials.NOT
18、E 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/i
19、nspection, and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors.Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Harvard Miniature Compaction Apparat
20、us, or apparatusfor preparing remolded specimens for UCS as described in theSignificance and Use section of Test Method D2166. Forinstructions on calibration, see Annex A1.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Obtain a 150-kg (300-lb) supply or have easy access tofour or five soil and soil-aggregate mat
21、erials as referencematerials for stabilizer evaluations. These samples shouldrepresent two or more fine-grained soils of different claymineralogy that are widely distributed and would be likelycandidates for stabilization. One or two of the samples couldrepresent the minus No. 10 fraction of plentif
22、ul marginalaggregates in need of beneficiation.7.2 Review literature and test results provided by theadmixture manufacturer or supplier.7.3 Consult publications such as Special Products Evalua-tion List (SPEL) or other product evaluation or qualifiedproducts lists maintained by state highway agencie
23、s.47.4 If background search demonstrates that the subjectmaterial has promise, proceed with testing program.8. Procedure8.1 Obtain 20-kg (45-lb) portions of two or more soilsamples selected in 7.1 for an evaluation program. Thisquantity of soil will provide sufficient material for tests on thetreate
24、d and untreated soil mixtures at three rates of application:the amount recommended by the supplier, and amounts moreand less than recommended.NOTE 2All the tests recommended in 8.2 do not need to be conductedat all four rates of application (raw soil or zero rate, recommended rate, arate more than r
25、ecommended, a rate less than recommended.)NOTE 3The 20-kg recommended sample size is from the followingscenario:Two compaction tests (untreated and optimum rate) 6 kgCalibration of Harvard Apparatus 1 kgAtterberg limits (untreated and of optimum rate) 1 kgExpansion (untreated and optimum rates) 2 kg
26、Unconfined Compressive Strength (untreated and threerates of treatment)4kgReserve for rerun of any test 6 kg_20 kg8.2 Test each untreated soil by the several test methodslisted in 8.2.1 through 8.2.6. Perform the same tests on thetreated mixtures. For each rate of admixture, five batches of thetreat
27、ed mixture are required. Prepare a batch by combining ina mechanical mixer carefully weighed portions of soil,admixture, and water. Blend thoroughly (normally for about 5min) to produce a high degree of homogeneity. Prepare eachbatch and test separately as follows:8.2.1 Moisture ContentTest Method D
28、2216.8.2.2 Particle-Size Analysis of Soils Test Method D422.8.2.3 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index TestMethod D4318.8.2.4 Moisture-Density RelationsTest Methods D698(Method A) or T 99 (Method A) (see Note 4).8.2.5 Volume ChangeTest Methods D3877 (see Note 5).8.2.6 Unconfined Compres
29、sive Strength (see Note 6)TestMethod D2166.NOTE 4The sample may be reused and water added for successivepoints on the moisture-density curve if the soil material is not fragile andwill not reduce in particle size due to repeated compaction or is not aheavy-textured clay into which it is difficult to
30、 incorporate water.NOTE 5Although this test method is for soil-lime mixtures, otherstabilizing admixtures may be used.NOTE 6Specimen preparation and determination of moisture absorp-tion are described in Annex A2. The moisture absorption specimens arealso used for determining unconfined compressive
31、strength, which isdetermined in accordance with the methods indicated in 8.2.1 8.2.6.8.3 On approximately 3 kg (7 lb), determine optimummoisture and maximum density in accordance with TestMethod D698.8.4 On approximately 1 kg (2.2 lb), as described in thecalibration procedure given in Annex A1, dete
32、rmine with theHarvard apparatus the number of tamps and the spring pressurerequired to duplicate the standard density obtained by TestMethod D698.8.5 Prepare a 500-g (1-lb) batch at optimum moisturecontent.As soon as the mixing is completed, divide the mixtureinto three approximately equal portions.
33、 Perform liquid andplastic limit tests on one portion after air-drying overnight, onanother after overnight storage at high-humidity, and on theother after 7 days of curing at high humidity.8.6 On approximately 3600 g, determine expansion inaccordance with Test Methods D3877.8.7 On approximately 1 k
34、g (2.2 lb), with the Harvardapparatus, prepare six five-layer specimens (required for ac-ceptable homogeneity) compacted to Test Methods D698density, and determine moisture absorption and unconfinedcompressive strength as described in Annex A2.4Illinois, Louisiana, and New Jersey are three states th
35、at publish such lists.D4609 0829. Interpretations of Results9.1 The recommendations in 9.1.1 9.1.5 are provided toevaluate whether an admixture has improved the engineeringproperties of fine-grained soils. Changes in one or more, butnot necessarily all, of the properties in 9.1.1 9.1.5 may beused to
36、 judge effectiveness. The results of these tests may ormay not be useful for determining the cost-effectiveness orpractical value of the treatment; that decision will mostprobably need to be made after additional testing and dataanalysis.9.1.1 Particle-Size AnalysisFor stabilizers whose mecha-nism i
37、s through cementing fine particles together, a shift in theparticle-size distribution curve demonstrating a coarsening orgranulation of the soil may be interpreted as an improvement inengineering properties. Particle-size analysis should be per-formed on the treated material after an appropriate cur
38、ingperiod has elapsed.NOTE 7If mechanical pulverization using Practice D421 is too severefor treated samples, Practice D2217 may be used.9.1.2 Liquid and Plastic Limits and Plasticity IndexSignificant reduction of liquid limit and plasticity index isindicative of improvement. Rendering a soil, havin
39、g a plastic-ity index, of lesser plasticity or nonplastic by treatment is asignificant improvement.9.1.3 Moisture-Density RelationsImproving soilcompactability, that is, reducing the optimum moisture contentor increasing the maximum dry density, is often of engineeringsignificance. Lowering the opti
40、mum moisture content would beconsidered beneficial because frequently water must bepurchased, or in any event transported, and distributed on thesoil, requiring the use of motor fuel and time.9.1.3.1 An increase in maximum dry density would indicatethat an increase in strength was afforded by treatm
41、ent or that atarget density could be achieved with less compactive effort.The single-operator precision for Test Methods D698 is 1.9 %for maximum density and 9.5 % for optimum moisture content;consequently, a change in optimum moisture content of greaterthan about 15 % from the optimum for the untre
42、ated soil and achange in maximum density of about 80 kg/m3(5 pcf) from theuntreated may be interpreted as a result of chemical treatmentbecause the observed changes are greater than the expectedexperimental error.9.1.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Mois-ture AbsorptionUnconfined compress
43、ive strength criteriahave been established for soil-stabilizer mixtures using asphalt,cement, chemicals, fly ash, fly ash-lime, lime, or others byvarious road building agencies.5However, these criteria areused primarily to ensure durable soil-stabilizer mixtures. Forthe purposes of this guide, it is
44、 suggested that an increase inUCS of 345 kPa (50 psi) or more due to treatment beconsidered effective. Also, if specimens do not slake duringimmersion, the treatment may be effective; and if no significantstrength is lost due to immersion, the treatment may beeffective for waterproofing soils.9.1.5
45、Volume ChangeDistress to pavements and structuresis prevalent in areas where subgrade soils undergo significantvolume changes with changes in moisture regime; that is,shrink with decreases in moisture and swell with increases inmoisture. If treatment being evaluated achieves the desiredcontrol of vo
46、lume changes, the material may be judgedeffective.10. Keywords10.1 admixture screening; Harvard apparatus; liquid limit;moisture content; moisture-density; particle size; plastic limit;plasticity index; soil stabilization; unconfined compressivestrength; volume changeANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1
47、. CALIBRATION OF THE HARVARD MINIATURE COMPACTION APPARATUSA1.1 In order to prepare moisture absorption and uncon-fined compressive strength test specimens having the requiredstandard AASHTO T99 density, it is first necessary to calibratethe Harvard apparatus to determine the correct number oftamps
48、per layer and to regulate the tamper springs so thattamping pressures of 10 kg (20 lb), 15 kg (30 lb), 20 kg (40 lb)can be utilized. Normally, ten or more tamps per layer arerequired. The calibration is illustrated in Fig. A1.1, whichpresents moisture-density curves for an experimental soil. Thetwo
49、curves for the Harvard method involve two differentcombinations of tamper spring loadings and numbers of tampsper layer.A1.2 For the calibration, prepare a soil-water mixture fromapproximately 1000 g (2 lb) of soil and the amount of waterrequired for the AASHTO T 99 optimum moisture content.Place this mixture in a suitable container to prevent moistureloss, and remove an individual portion of about 150 g (0.3 lb)for the first compaction trial. From this portion, compact afive-layer specimen by the procedure given in A2.2.1 A2.2.8,using an
