1、Designation: D4868 17Standard Test Method forEstimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion ofHydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross andnet heat of combustion in SI units, megajoul
3、es per kilogram, ofhydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density andsulfur, water, and ash contents.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containingnon-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol,methanol), ethers (for example, MTBE), or esters (for example,biodiesel).N
4、OTE 1The equation for estimation of net and gross heat ofcombustion used in this method was originally published as NBSMiscellaneous Publication No. 97.1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating,using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion ofburner and diesel fuels (which do
5、 not contain non-hydrocarboncomponents) for which it is not usually critical to obtain veryprecise heat determinations.NOTE 2More accurate estimation methods are available for aviationfuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estima-tion methods require additional tests to those re
6、quired in this test method.1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It wasderived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced by normalrefining processes from conventional crude oil that conform tothe requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels asdescribed in Note 3. This test method is
7、 valid for those fuels inthe density range from 750 kg/m3to 1000 kg/m3and those thatdo not contain an unusually high aromatic content. Higharomatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuelspecification criteria.NOTE 3The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbonfuel from its densit
8、y and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable onlywhen the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationshipbetween these quantities have been derived from accurate experimentalmeasurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in theseclasses, the possibility that the e
9、stimate can be in error for individual fuelsshould be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limitednumber of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has beenfound to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlationpresented in this test method are represente
10、d by the following applica-tions:Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non-hydrocarbon components)SpecificationFuel OilsGrades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and6D396DieselGrades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D D975Aviation TurbineJet A and Jet A-1 D1655Jet B D6615Gas TurbineGrades No. 0
11、-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT D2880KeroseneGrades No. 1-K and 2-K D36991.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarboncompounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highlyaccurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion(Note 4).NOTE 4The procedures for the experimental determ
12、ination of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 andD4809.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
13、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized princi
14、ples on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marin
15、eFuels.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4868 00 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D4868-17.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by
17、 the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Pet
18、roleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD482 Test Method for As
19、h from Petroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net
20、Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometerD1552 Test Method for Sulf
21、ur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in LiquidPetroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn2016)3D1796 Test Method
22、for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Avia
23、tion FuelsD3699 Specification for KerosineD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net He
24、at of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluoresce
25、nceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuelD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blen
26、ds, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry2.2 NIST Publication:NBS Miscellaneous Publication No. 97 Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products43. Summary of Test Method3.1 The density and sulfur, water, and ash content of thesample are determine
27、d by experimental test methods. The heatof combustion is calculated using the values obtained by thesetest methods based on reported correlations.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where anexperimental determination of heat of combustion is notavailable and cann
28、ot be made conveniently, and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurement of heat of combus-tion.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3asdescribed in Test Methods D1298, D1480, D1481 or D4052.5.2 Determine the sul
29、fur content of the sample to the nearest0.01 % by mass sulfur as described in Test Methods D129,D1266, D1552, D2622, D4294, D5453,orD7039.5.3 Determine the water content of the sample to the nearest0.05 % by mass water as described in Test Methods D95,D1744, D1796,orD6304.5.4 Determine the ash conte
30、nt of the sample to two signifi-cant figures as described in Test Method D482.6. Calculation6.1 Calculate the gross heat of combustion of the fuelcorrected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordancewith the following equation:Qvgross! 5 51.916 2 8.792 d231026! (1)1 2 x 1 y 1 s#!19.420swhere
31、:Qv= gross heat of combustion at constant volume, MJ/kg,d = density at 15 C, kg m3,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
32、ge onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available by download from National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), https:/library.nist.gov/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/SIRSI/0/57/60/61/X?user_id=WEBSERVERD4868 172x = mass fraction of wate
33、r (% divided by 100),y = mass fraction of ash (% divided by 100), ands = mass fraction of sulfur (% divided by 100).6.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion of the fuel cor-rected for the sulfur, water and ash content in accordance withthe following equation:Qpnet! 5 46.423 2 8.792 d23102613.170d 31
34、023! (2)1 2 x 1 y 1 s#!19.420s 2 2.449xwhere:Qp= net heat of combustion at constant pressure, MJ/kg,7. Report7.1 Report the result as the estimated gross or net heat ofcombustion in MJ/kg to the nearest 0.01.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionThe precision5of the estimated values willbe dependent upo
35、n the accuracy of the determined density andsulfur, water and ash contents. The following precision is theaggregate precision of the measurements used to calculate theheat content by (Eq 1) and (Eq 2) and does not indicate theprecision of the heat content of an individual sample. Thatprecision is es
36、timated in Note 4. When using data on thedensity, sulfur, water and ash content of a fuel determined byTest Methods D4052, D4294, D1796, and D482, respectively,the following criteria shall be used for judging the acceptabilityof estimated heat of combustion results.8.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference
37、between successive re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:Repeatability 0.05 MJ/kg8.
38、1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results, obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, and in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following value only in one case in
39、twenty:Reproducibility 0.15 MJ/kg8.2 BiasBias cannot be determined for the procedure inTest Method D4868 since the data used to determine thecorrelation cannot be compared with accepted reference mate-rials.NOTE 5The correlation equations were tested using 199 present dayfuels. The data is included
40、in ASTM Research Report RR:D02-1233.About 95 % of the calculated data were within 0.35 MJ/kg of measuredheats of combustion.9. Keywords9.1 burner fuels; diesel fuels; gross heat of combustion;heat energy; heat of combustion; heating tests; hydrocarbonfuels; net heat of combustionSUMMARY OF CHANGESSu
41、bcommittee D02.05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D4868 00 (2010) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2017.)(1) Revised the title of the standard.(2) Revised Section 1, Scope, and Section 2, ReferencedDocuments.(3) Revised
42、 subsections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.(4) Revised Eq 1 and Eq 2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such paten
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45、aring you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standar
46、d may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1233. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D4868 173
