1、Designation: D5818 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forExposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate InstallationDamage of Geosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5818; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtain-ing samples of geosynthetics fro
3、m a test section for use inassessment of the effects of damage immediately after instal-lation caused only by the installation techniques. The assess-ment may include physical testing. This practice is applicableto any geosynthetic.1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections, anddoes no
4、t address laboratory modeling of field conditions. Thispractice does not address which test method(s) to use forquantifying installation damage.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
5、rd to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on
6、Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4873/D4873M Guide for Identification, Storage, and Ha
7、n-dling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering-related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.3.1.2 sampl
8、e, n(1) a portion of material that is taken fortesting or for record purposes; (2) a group of specimens used,or of observations made, which provide information that can beused for making statistical inferences about the population(s)from which the specimens are drawn.3.1.3 test section, na distinct
9、area of actual or simulatedfull-scale construction.3.1.4 For definitions of other geosynthetic terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Damage to geosynthetics from installation operationsmay be quantified by evaluating specimens from a sample(s)exhumed from a
10、 full-scale installation. The sample(s) shouldbe installed using project-specific procedures and materials.When project-specific materials and/or procedures areunknown, generally accepted, representative materials andprocedures should be used and thoroughly documented andreported. Addressed within t
11、his practice are: amount of geo-synthetic sample(s) to install; procedures for installing thegeosynthetic sample(s); procedures for exhuming the geosyn-thetic sample(s); procedure for obtaining control sample(s);and report preparation guidelines. The sample(s) should beretrieved immediately after in
12、stallation to minimize potentialaging of the geosynthetic. Comparison of test results onexhumed and control specimens may be used to assess effectsof installation. Tests to perform are not addressed herein, andwill vary with the type and function of geosynthetic and projectrequirements.5. Significan
13、ce and Use5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example,reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties(for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), orboth, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to thephysical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rig
14、ors of fieldinstallation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyz-ing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on MechanicalProperties.Cu
15、rrent edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5818 11. DOI:10.1520/D5818-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B
16、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recog
17、nized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1a representative test section. Analysis may be performed withvis
18、ual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from thecontrol sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving repre-sentative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assessinstallation damage using project-specific or generallyaccepted, represen
19、tative materials and procedures. Damage ofa specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specificinstallation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) ex-humed from a full-scale test section.6. Procedure6.1 ObjectiveGeosynthetic and soil placement techniquesshall model the methods anticipated duri
20、ng construction, butmay also be designed to model hypothetical conditions such asvarious degrees of compaction, lift heights, drop heights,equipment operations, and/or types of fill material.6.2 Exhumed Sample:6.2.1 The amount of geosynthetic to install in and retrievefrom a test section is a functi
21、on of the type and number oflaboratory tests to be conducted for assessment of damage. Anamount of material sufficient to obtain 20 tests on representa-tive specimens for each type of test should be installed for eachset of installation conditions.6.2.2 The test sample should be marked prior to inst
22、allationand exhumation, or a template made, showing the exactlocation where specimens for testing are to be obtained. Theyshall also be labeled with sufficient information to ensureidentification of the exposed sample and associated exposureconditions, such as: geosynthetic and fill type. Machine an
23、dtransverse-machine direction of specimens shall be designated.Designation of specimen locations is recommended to elimi-nate potential bias in specimen selection after the geosynthetichas been damaged. Alternate areas may also be designated inthe event the primary specimen area is damaged by exhuma
24、-tion.6.3 Control Sample:6.3.1 Control or baseline (uninstalled) sample(s) of thegeosynthetic being investigated shall be from the same roll ofmaterial that is to be installed in the test section. Sample(s)from each roll of geosynthetic shall be gathered in cases wheremultiple geosynthetic rolls are
25、 used in the test section. Docu-ment all control sample information pertinent to sample, suchas: date of manufacture, manufacturer or supplier, geosyntheticgrade and type, machine and transverse-machine directions,and roll and lot number, if available. These control samplesshall be handled and store
26、d (see Guide D4873/D4873M)insuch a manner to eliminate, or minimize, damage or degrada-tion (for example, exposure to ultraviolet light).6.3.2 The orientation of the exhumed sample(s) and controlsample(s) are to be documented. That is, the left and right-handsides of each sample must correspond. It
27、is also recommendedthat the control sample should be a direct continuation of theexhumed sample so as to minimize differences in control andexhumed specimen properties due to inherent product variabil-ity.6.3.3 The positions of the test specimens on the controlsample, relative to roll edge, should c
28、orrespond with thepositions of the exhumed sample.6.4 Installation Procedure:6.4.1 The soil subgrade or initial lift on which the geosyn-thetic(s) will be placed shall be constructed to specifiedconditions of soil type, moisture content, and compaction.Construction equipment used should be the same
29、as to be usedto construct overlying lifts, unless otherwise requested. Thegeosynthetic should be installed in accordance with project-specific procedures. When project-specific procedures and/ormaterials are not known, representative equipment, materials,and procedures should be used and thoroughly
30、documented.6.4.2 The material to be placed above the geosyntheticunder investigation will typically be a soil or rock fill, oranother geosynthetic material(s) with soil then placed upon it.In the case of another geosynthetic, it also shall be placed inaccordance with project-specific procedures. Whe
31、n project-specific procedures and/or materials are not known, represen-tative equipment, materials, and procedures should be used andthoroughly documented.NOTE 1In certain situations, such as multiple-layer installations,movement of individual layers in test sections may occur. Care should betaken t
32、o ensure that stress and potential slippage conditions in the testsections simulate actual field conditions as closely as possible.6.4.3 Fill placement above the geosynthetic shall modelexpected field conditions. Construction equipment used in fillplacement should be the same as that to be used in s
33、ubsequentconstruction of the earth structure. Equipment shall be operatedin accordance with project-specific procedures. When project-specific equipment, procedures, and/or materials are notknown, representative equipment, materials, and proceduresshould be used and thoroughly documented.6.4.4 Sprea
34、d fill into lifts above the geosynthetic modelingexpected field conditions. Construction equipment used in fillspreading should be in accordance with project-specific proce-dures. When project-specific equipment, procedures, and/ormaterials are not known, representative equipment, materials,and proc
35、edures should be used and thoroughly documented.6.4.5 Fill lift compaction above the geosynthetic shallmodel expected field conditions. Construction equipment usedin soil compaction should be in accordance with projectspecifications. When project-specific equipment, procedures,and/or materials are n
36、ot known, representative equipment,materials, and procedures should be used and thoroughlydocumented.NOTE 2Commonly used procedures include the following: 200-mmsoil lifts compacted to 90 % Modified Proctor density using a minimum4500 kg (total) vibratory steel roll (single or tandem). Typical soils
37、/aggregates include coarse gravel (GP, d50 20 mm), concrete sand (SWd50 1.0 mm), or silty sand (SM d50 0.4 mm).NOTE 3Following placement and compaction for the lift, procedurescould include the simulation of post-construction traffic such as loadedtrucks moving transversely over the test section.6.5
38、 Exhuming of Samples:6.5.1 Samples from the test section should be exhumedwithin 48 h after installation.D5818 11 (2018)26.5.2 Method(s) employed to exhume the samples shallprevent or minimize additional damage to the geosynthetic.Document the method(s) used to exhume samples.NOTE 4Extreme caution s
39、hould be exercised if using mechanicalequipment to remove soil covering the geosynthetic. Careful “hand”removal methods are preferred near the geosynthetic.6.5.3 Areas of the geosynthetic damaged during removalshall be identified (for example, spray painted) and designatedas being non-representative
40、 of installation damage.6.5.4 Exhumed samples shall be handled and stored in sucha manner to eliminate, or minimize, further damage or degra-dation (for example, exposure to ultraviolet light).7. Report7.1 Report the following information:7.1.1 The construction equipment, procedures, and materi-als
41、used for the test section(s) including, but not limited to,equipment types, equipment operation, subgrade and fill typesand gradation, maximum particle size, fill placement, compac-tion requirements, fill compaction control technique(s), and theexhumation system employed.7.1.2 Geosynthetic material(
42、s) identification such as manu-facturer or supplier, style number, roll numbers, material grade,and type, if available.7.1.3 Laboratory test(s) to be conducted on both exhumedand control samples.7.1.4 Conditioning of samples prior to testing (for example,washing and removing of soil, drying, etc.).7
43、.1.5 Identify any specimens rejected and alternative speci-mens added due to unrepresentative damage.7.1.6 Test section construction quality control measure-ments such as lift thickness, density, moisture content, grada-tion curves, number of soil lifts, type, and number of passes ofconstruction equ
44、ipment and the number of passes of thecompactor.7.1.7 Typical photographs of test section construction.7.1.8 Detailed sequence of photographs depicting the geo-synthetic before and after exposure process should be providedin the final report.8. Precision and Bias8.1 No statement is made about either
45、 the precision or biasof this practice since it does not address which test method(s)to use for quantifying installation damage.9. Keywords9.1 construction; fill; geosynthetics; installation damage;sampling; soil; test sectionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
46、 rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at
47、 any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comment
48、s will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted b
49、y ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2018)3
