1、Designation: D7263 09 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Determination of Density (Unit Weight) of SoilSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7263; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe two ways of determiningthe total/moist and dry densities (unit weights)
3、 of intact,disturbed, remolded, and reconstituted (compacted) soil speci-mens. Density (unit weight) as used in this standard means thesame as “bulk density” of soil as defined by the Soil ScienceSociety of America. Intact specimens may be obtained fromthin-walled sampling tubes, block samples, or c
4、lods. Speci-mens that are remolded by dynamic or static compactionprocedures may also be measured by these methods. Thesemethods apply to soils that will retain their shape during themeasurement process and may also apply to other materialssuch as soil-cement, soil-lime, soil-bentonite or solidified
5、soil-bentonite-cement slurries. It is common for the density(unit weight) of specimens after removal from sampling tubesand compaction molds to be less than the value based on tubeor mold volumes, or of in situ conditions. This is due to thespecimen swelling after removal of lateral pressures.1.1.1
6、Method A covers the procedure for measuring thevolume of wax coated specimens by determining the quantityof water displaced.1.1.1.1 This method only applies to specimens in which thewax will not penetrate the outer surface of the specimen.1.1.2 Method B covers the procedure by means of the directmea
7、surement of the dimensions and mass of a specimen,usually one of cylindrical shape. Intact and reconstituted/remolded specimens may be tested by this method in conjunc-tion with strength, permeability (air/water) and compressibilitydeterminations.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
8、as thestandard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approxi-mate.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.3.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standa
9、rd is not directly related tothe accuracy with which the data can be applied in design orother uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained usingthis standard is beyond its scope.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th
10、eresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standa
11、rd-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Co
12、ntainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (5
13、6,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling ofFine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2166/D2166M Test Method for Unconfined CompressiveStrength of Cohesive SoilD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by
14、MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of
15、 Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 2009 as D726309. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD726309. DOI: 10.1520/D7263-09R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
16、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with inte
17、rnationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2488 Practice for Description and Identificati
18、on of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D3550/D3550M Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, SplitBarrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220/D4220M Practices for
19、 Preserving and TransportingSoil SamplesD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Dig
20、its in GeotechnicalDataE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids2.2 Other Reference:Soil Science Society of America Glossary of Soil ScienceTerms33. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D653 for standard definitions ofterms.4. Significance and Use4.1
21、 Dry density, as defined as “density of soil or rock” inTerminology D653 and “bulk density” by soil scientists, can beused to convert the water fraction of soil from a mass basis toa volume basis and vise-versa. When particle density, that is,specific gravity (Test Methods D854) is also known, dryde
22、nsity can be used to calculate porosity and void ratio (seeAppendix X1). Dry density measurements are also useful fordetermining degree of soil compaction. Since moisture contentis variable, moist soil density provides little useful informationexcept to estimate the weight of soil per unit volume, f
23、orexample, pounds per cubic yard, at the time of sampling. Sincesoil volume shrinks with drying of swelling soils, bulk densitywill vary with moisture content. Hence, the water content ofthe soil should be determined at the time of sampling.4.2 Densities (unit weights) of remolded/reconstitutedspeci
24、mens are commonly used to evaluate the degree ofcompaction of earthen fills, embankments, etc. Dry densityvalues are usually used in conjunction with compaction curvevalues (Test Methods D698 and D1557).4.3 Density (unit weight) is one of the key components indetermining the mass composition/phase r
25、elations of soil, seeAppendix X1.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of compet
26、entand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on several factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.5. Apparatus5.1 For Meth
27、od A the following apparatus are required:5.1.1 BalanceAll balances must meet the requirements ofSpecification D4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of0.01 g readability is required for specimens having a mass upto 200 grams and a Class GP2 balance of 0.1 g readability isrequired for specimens
28、 having a mass over 200 grams. Formethod A, the balance must be capable of measuring the massof the specimen suspended in water. This is usually accom-plished by a weighing hook built into the balance for thatpurpose, or a yoke assemblage is placed upon the pan whichsuspends a thin, non-absorbent st
29、ring or wire, that is, a nylonline, etc., below the balance into the water reservoir.5.1.2 Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled, prefer-ably of the forced-draft type, capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 110 6 5C throughout the drying chamber.5.1.3 WaxNon-shrinking, paraffin and/or mic
30、rocrystallinewax that has a known and constant density, , to foursignificant figures and that does not change after repeatedmelting and cooling cycles.NOTE 2The waxes generally used are commercially available andhave density values in the range of 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm3or Mg/m3.5.1.4 Wax-Melting Contain
31、erUsed to melt the wax, butshould not allow the wax to overheat.Acontainer heated by hotwater, preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory.The wax should be heated to only slightly above the meltingpoint to avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quicklyforming a uniform surface c
32、oating of wax. WarningVaporsgiven off by molten wax ignite spontaneously above 205C(400F) and should not be allowed to come in contact with theheating element or open flame.5.1.5 Wire BasketA wire basket of 3.35 mm or finer meshof approximately equal width and height of sufficient size tocontain the
33、 specimen. The basket shall be constructed toprevent trapping air when it is submerged. The basket issuspended from the balance by a fine thread or string.Ahairnetmay also be used in lieu of the basket for smaller soilspecimens.5.1.6 ContainerA container or tank of sufficient size tocontain the subm
34、erged basket and specimen.5.1.7 Specimen ContainerA corrosion-resistant containerof sufficient size to contain the specimen for water contentdetermination.5.1.8 ThermometerCapable of measuring the temperaturerange within which the test is being performed graduated in a0.1 degree C division scale and
35、 meeting the requirements ofSpecification E2251.5.1.9 Container Handling ApparatusGloves or suitableholder for moving and handling hot containers.5.1.10 MiscellaneousPaintbrush, trimming tools, speci-men containers, and data sheets provided as required.5.2 For Method B the following apparatus are ne
36、eded:5.2.1 BalanceSee 5.1.1.5.2.2 Drying OvenSee 5.1.2.5.2.3 Specimen-Size Measurement DevicesDevices usedto determine the height and width or diameter of the specimenshall measure the respective dimensions to four significant3Available online: www.soils.org/sssagloss/index.php.D7263 09 (2018)2digit
37、s and shall be constructed so that their use will not indentor penetrate into the specimen.NOTE 3Circumferential measuring tapes are recommended overcalipers for measuring the diameter of cylindrical specimens.5.2.4 Apparatus for Preparing Reconstituted or RemoldedSpecimens (Optional)Such apparatus
38、is only required if thesetypes of specimens are being tested.5.2.5 Miscellaneous ApparatusSpecimen trimming andcarving tools including a wire saw, steel straightedge, miterbox and vertical trimming lathe, specimen containers, and datasheets shall be provided as required.6. Samples and Test Specimens
39、6.1 SamplesIntact samples shall be preserved and trans-ported in accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M Groups Cand D soil. Compacted or remolded specimens shall bepreserved in accordance with Practice D4220/D4220M GroupB soil. Maintain the samples that are stored prior to testing innon-corrodible ai
40、rtight containers at a temperature betweenapproximately 3 and 30C and in an area that prevents directcontact with sunlight.6.2 SpecimensSpecimens for testing shall be sufficientlycohesive and firm to maintain shape during the measuringprocedure if Method A is used, see 1.1.1.1. Specimens shallhave a
41、 minimum dimension of 30 mm (1.3 in.) and the largestparticle contained within the test specimen shall be smallerthan one-tenth of the specimens smallest dimension. Forspecimens having a dimension of 72 mm (2.8 in.) or larger, thelargest particle size shall be smaller than one-sixth of thespecimens
42、smallest dimension. If, after completion of a test onan intact specimen, visual observations indicate that largerparticles than permitted are present, indicate this information inthe remarks section of the report of test data.7. Procedure7.1 Record all identifying information for the specimen,such a
43、s project, boring number, depth, sample type (that is,tube, trimmed, etc.), visual soil classification (Practice D2488),or other pertinent data.7.2 Method AWater Displacement:7.2.1 Determine, if not previously established, the densityof the wax to be used to four significant digits (see 5.1.3).7.2.2
44、 Prepare specimens in an environment that minimizesany changes in water content. For some soils, changes in watercontent are minimized by trimming specimens in a controlledenvironment, such as a controlled high-humidity room/enclosure.7.2.3 If required, cut a specimen meeting the size require-ments
45、given in 6.2 from the sample to be tested. If required,trim the specimen to a fairly regular shape. Re-entrant anglesshould be avoided, and any cavities formed by large particlesbeing pulled out should be patched carefully with materialfrom the trimmings. Handle specimens carefully to minimizedistur
46、bance, change in shape, or change in water content.Typically, for most samples, changes in water content areminimized by trimming specimens, in a controlledenvironment, such as a controlled high-humidity room/enclosure.7.2.4 Determine and record the moist mass of the soilspecimen (Mt) to four signif
47、icant figures in g or kg.7.2.5 Cover the specimen with a thin coat of melted wax,either with a paintbrush or by dipping the specimen in acontainer of melted wax. Apply a second coat of wax after thefirst coat has hardened. The wax should be sufficiently warm toflow when brushed on the specimen, yet
48、it should not be so hotthat it dries the soil.NOTE 4If overheated wax comes in contact with the soil specimen, itmay cause the moisture to vaporize and form air bubbles under the wax.Bubbles may be trimmed out and filled with wax.7.2.6 Determine and record the mass of the wax-coatedspecimen in air (
49、MC) to four significant figures in g or kg.7.2.7 Determine and record the submerged mass of thewax-coated specimen (Msub) to four significant digits in g orkg. This is done by placing the specimen in a wire baskethooked onto a balance and immersing the basket and specimenin a container of water. In order to directly measure thesubmerged mass of the wet soil and wax, the balance must havebeen previously balanced (tared to zero) with the wire basketcompletely submerged in the container of water. Make surethat the specimen and basket is fully
