1、Designation: D7747/D7747M 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forDetermining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the StripTensile Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7747/D7747M; the number immediately following the desi
2、gnation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes des
3、tructive quality controltests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seamsmade with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures aredescribed for seam tests for peel and shear properties usingstrip specimens.1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming tech-niques used to construct geome
4、mbrane seams include thefollowing:1.2.1 Hot AirThis technique introduces high-temperatureair between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting.Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcingtogether the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.1.2.2 Hot WedgeThis technique melts the
5、 two geomem-brane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedgebetween them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottomgeomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of thiskind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap.These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedgeseam
6、s or double-track seams.1.2.3 ExtrusionThis technique encompasses extrudingmolten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of twooverlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or DielectricHigh-frequencydielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure t
7、oform an overlap seam in factory fabrication.1.2.5 ImpulseClamping bars heated by wires or a ribbonmelts the sheets clamped between them.Acooling period whilestill clamped allows the polymer to solidify before beingreleased.1.3 The types of materials covered by this test methodinclude, but are not l
8、imited to, reinforced geomembranes madefrom the following polymers:1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy
9、(EIA).1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-f
10、ormance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulator
11、y limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organi
12、zation TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines forTextilesD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD7003/D7003M Test Method for Strip Tensile Properties ofReinforced GeomembranesD7004/D7004M Test Method for G
13、rab Tensile Properties ofReinforced GeomembranesD7749 Test Method for Determining Integrity of SeamsProduced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for ReinforcedGeomembranes by the Grab Method1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of
14、Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7747/D7747M 111. DOI: 10.1520/D7747_D7747M-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard
16、 was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Termin
17、ology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology D4439 for defini-tions of terms applying to this test method.4. Significance and Use4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materi-als has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate thequality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. T
18、his testmethod is used for quality control purposes and is intended toprovide quality control and quality assurance personnel withdata to evaluate seam quality.4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive testmethod for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes.Standards written for des
19、tructive testing of nonreinforcedgeomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) appli-cable to reinforced geomembranes.4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other thanmachine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges,generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this,t
20、esting can be performed according to Test Method D7749,orthe 2-in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can beutilized. Testing of 1-in. and 2-in. specimens is Method A andMethod B, respectively.4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates tostrength of parent material measured acco
21、rding to Test MethodD7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. Forother materials, seam strength and parent material strength canbe compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not becompared to values obtained with grab methods.5. App
22、aratus5.1 Tensile Testing MachineConstant rate of extension(CRE) equipment meeting the requirements of SpecificationD76/D76M. The load cell shall be accurate to within 61%ofthe applied force. The drive mechanism shall be able to controlthe rate of extension to within 61 % of the targeted rate. Thema
23、ximum allowable error in recorded grip displacement shallbe 61 % of the recorded values. The maximum allowablevariation in nominal gage length on repeated return of theclamps to their starting position shall be less than 0.25 mm0.01 in.5.2 Grip FacesThe clamping force and the clamp surfacesshall hol
24、d the specimen firmly without causing damage.5.2.1 Clamp faces shall be a minimum of 25.4 mm 1.00 in.in the dimension parallel to direction of test and wide enoughto grip the full width of the specimen.6. Sample and Specimen Preparation6.1 Seam SamplesApproximately 1 m 36 in. length ofseam shall be
25、cut out with a minimum of 12.5 cm 5 in. ofmaterial on either side of the seam.6.2 Specimen PreparationFive specimens each for peelstrength and shear strength. The locations from which thespecimens are taken shall be spaced evenly along the length ofthe seam, with shear and peel specimens alternating
26、 along thesample length (Fig. 2).6.2.1 SpecimensRectangular test specimens shall be aminimum of 150 mm 6.0 in. plus the seam width in thedirection perpendicular to the seam. For Method A, thespecimens shall be 25.4 mm 1.00 in. in the direction parallelto the seam. For Method B, specimens shall be 50
27、.8 mm2.00 in. in the direction parallel to the seam. The seam shouldbe centered in the specimen.7. Conditioning7.1 ConditioningSpecimens may be tested once they haveequilibrated at standard laboratory temperature. The timerequired to reach temperature equilibrium may vary accordingto the material ty
28、pe and thickness.7.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests at the standard atmo-sphere for testing geosynthetics, a temperature of 21 6 2C70 6 4 F and a relative humidity between 50 to 70 %, unlessotherwise specified.8. Procedure8.1 Shear Test:8.1.1 Set the grip separation equal to the width of the seamplus
29、76.2 mm 3.00 in. Set the crosshead speed to305 mm min 12 in./min.8.1.2 Place the specimen symmetrically in the clamps so theweld will experience shear force (Fig. 3). Center the seamvertically between the grips.8.1.3 Elongate the specimen until rupture of reinforcementand coating or until a separati
30、on of weld or separation in planehas occurred across the entire weld. (See Fig. 1 for explanationof separation in plane.)8.1.4 Record the load at peak and break code (Fig. 4 andFig. 1).8.2 Peel Test:8.2.1 Set the grip separation to 25.4 mm/min 1.00 in. Setthe crosshead speed to 50.8 mm/min 2.00 in./
31、min.8.2.2 Place the specimen in the clamps in a “T” configura-tion (Fig. 4). If there is enough material, center the seamvertically between the grips.8.2.3 Elongate the specimen until rupture of reinforcementand coating or until a separation of weld or separation in planehas occurred across the enti
32、re weld. (See Fig. 1 for explanationof separation in plane.)8.2.4 If a specimen slips between the clamps, discard theindividual result and test another specimen. If reinforcingstrands slip through the material held between the grips,discard the individual result and test another specimen. Slip-ping
33、scrim may require increasing clamping pressure.8.2.5 Record the load at peak and break code (see Fig. 1 andFig. 5).9. Calculation9.1 Seam Shear Strength:9.1.1 Divide the peak load by the width of the specimen toobtain results in N/mm or lbs/in.9.2 Seam Peel Strength:9.2.1 Divide the peak load by the
34、 width of the specimen toobtain results in N/mm or lbs/in.D7747/D7747M 11 (2018)2FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strengthin Shear and Peel ModesD7747/D7747M 11 (2018)3NOTE 1Because of the heterogonous nature of a reinforcedgeomembran
35、es, calculating force per cross-sectional area is not relevantand should not be done.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following information:10.1.1 Type of test: shear or peel.FIG. 2 Specimen Configuration of Seam SampleFIG. 3 Example of Shear TestFIG. 4 Example of Peel TestD7747/D7747M 11
36、 (2018)4FIG. 5 Break Codes for Fillet Extrusion Weld Seams in Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Peel and Shear ModesD7747/D7747M 11 (2018)510.1.2 Method A (1-in. specimen), or Method B (2-in.specimen).10.1.3 Individual location of break code for each specimen.10.1.4 Shear TestsIndi
37、vidual seam shear strength for eachspecimen and average seam shear strength for all specimens inunits of N/mm or lbs/in.10.1.5 Peel TestsIndividual seam peel strength for eachspecimen and average seam peel strength for all specimens inunits of N/mm or lbs/in., rate of extension.NOTE 2“Locus of failu
38、re” (Fig. 1 and Fig. 5) includes only some ofthe seam configurations typically found in the industry. When this testmethod is applied to seams bonded in configurations other than thoseidentified in Fig. 1 or Fig. 5, the users of this test method must agree onapplicable descriptions for modes of spec
39、imen rupture.10.1.6 If the specimen does not rupture, report this and themaximum extension achieved during the test.11. Precision and Bias11.1 No statement can be made at this time concerningprecision or bias.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted
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42、reful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internatio
43、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2018)6
