1、Designation: D8049 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Concentration, Count, and Size Distribution ofSolid Particles and Water in Light and Middle DistillateFuels by Direct Imaging Particle Analyzer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8049; the number immediately following the des
2、ignation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method uses a dire
3、ct imaging particle analyzer(DIPA) to count and measure the size and shape of dispersedsolid particles and water droplets in light and middle distillatefuels in the overall range from 4 m to 100 m and in sizebands of 4 m, 6 m, and 14 m.NOTE 1Particle size data from 0.7 m through 300 m is available f
4、oruse or reporting if deemed helpful.NOTE 2Shape is used to classify particles, droplets, and bubbles andis not a reporting requirement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to ad
5、dress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
6、dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
7、Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by
8、 Trace Contamination2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 12103-1 Road VehiclesTest Contaminants for FilterEvaluationPart 1: Arizona Test DustISO 11171 Hydraulic Fluid PowerCalibration of Auto-matic Particle Counters for Liquids2.3 MIL Standard:4MIL-PRF-5606 Hydraulic Fluid, Petroleum Base; Aircraft,Missile and Ord
9、inance3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology D4175.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 air bubble, nnon-fuel, gaseous formations withinthe fuel, generally spherical in shape and visible as a heavywall ring due to the diffraction of
10、light around and throughthem.3.2.2 droplet, nnon-fuel liquid formations within the fuel,generally spherical in shape and visible as a thin wall ring dueto the diffraction of light around and through them.3.2.3 major particle diameter m, nthe maximum two-dimensional length of the particle measured.3.
11、2.4 minor particle diameter m, nthe maximum two-dimensional length of the particle measured perpendicular tothe major particle diameter.3.2.5 particle, nnon-liquid, non-gaseous, solid objects inthe fuel.3.2.6 projected equivalent particle diameter m, nthediameter calculated from the projected area o
12、f a particle if thatarea formed a circle, and in equation form is:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of LiquidFuels.
13、Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D8049 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D8049-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
14、of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4For referenced MIL standards, visit the Defense Logistics Agency, Docum
15、entServices website at http:/quicksearch.dla.mil*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with international
16、ly recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Projected Equivalent Particle Diameter =area/0.785!3.3 A
17、bbreviations:3.3.1 DIPADirect Imaging Particle Analyzer4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The optical measurement cell comprises a light sourceand an optical sensor. The principle of operation is theillumination and digital capture of actual particle images whichare then analyzed for size and shape by the
18、 system software.The visual capability of the instrument allows for the differ-entiation between solid, water, and air particles and thus thedetection of water and elimination of air bubbles from theanalysis.4.2 The test specimen, approximately 4 L, is agitated in itscontainer. The container is then
19、 fitted with a spigot to allowdelivery to the direct imaging particle analyzer (DIPA). Fluidflows through the DIPA and is analyzed for solids and watercontent. Larger or smaller volume test specimen may be usedas appropriate for the instrument.4.3 The method requires reporting of particle and drople
20、tcounts in the 4 m, 6 m, and 14 m categories, howeverparticle counts in the 0.7 m to 4 m size range may also bereported as well as additional ranges the user deems important.Particle size for this test method shall be determined using thedefinition per 3.2.6.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test meth
21、od is intended for use in the laboratory orin the field for evaluating the cleanliness of fuels identified inthe scope.5.2 Detection of particles and water can indicate degrada-tion of the fuel condition. Particles, whether inorganic ororganic, can cause fouling of fuel filters and damage pumps,inje
22、ctors, and pistons. Knowledge of particle size in relation tometallurgy can provide vital information, especially if thehardness of the solid particles are known from other sources.NOTE 3The method includes the detection of water, solids, and airbubbles. The air bubbles are screened out of the data
23、prior to analysis ofresults, based on shape and transparency, and are not reported in theresults.6. Apparatus56.1 Laboratory or Field Usage:6.1.1 Direct Imaging Particle Analyzer (DIPA)Operatingon visual imaging principles, comprising a flow cell withcamera/optics, light, test specimen container, an
24、d stand andsoftware to analyze the test specimen and display the particlemeasurement data.6.1.2 Test Specimen ContainerA clean fuel container forsample storage, transport, and transfer into the DIPA. Anepoxy-lined container of approximately 5 Lin volume has beenfound to be suitable, along with a nom
25、inal 19 mm or largeropening in the top lid for installation of a tube manifoldassembly to allow fuel transfer to the DIPA and air into theepoxy-lined container for venting.6.1.3 Tube Manifold AssemblyConsists of a stopper orthreaded cap, which inserts into the top opening in the testspecimen contain
26、er to seal it, and has through-holes whichaccept tubing for venting and tubing for flow of fuel to theDIPA.6.1.4 Flow RestrictorThe flow of fuel through the DIPAisrestricted by an orifice located in the outflow line to thecollection container.6.1.5 Collection ContainerFor collecting analyzed fuelspe
27、cimen for possible retesting. Equivalent to the test specimencontainer.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 HeptaneReagent-grade, filtered through 0.45 m fil-ter.7.2 ReticleNIST, or other widely recognized standardsbody, traceable, for calibration of system. A 19 mm diameterreticle with 100 m grids and 10 m
28、 subdivisions has beenfound to work well for use in calibrating the instrument.7.3 Partistan Resolution Standard, mono disperse polymerbeads, coefficient of variation 10 %.7.4 Verification Standard Partistan 2806, containing ISOMedium Test Dust, ISO 12103-A3 traceable to NIST.7.5 Partistan Super Cle
29、an Fluid.8. Sampling8.1 Sample into the test specimen container. Ensure it is newand unused, or in clean, new condition (see Practice D4306).Take precautions not to introduce contamination during thesampling process.8.2 Take a representative sample. Refer to Practice D4057,Practice D4177, or other s
30、imilar sampling practices.8.3 Confirm that the container is approximately 80 % filled(4 L).9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Ensure the DIPA is set up according to manufacturersinstructions.9.2 Ensure instrument is clean and ready for use by flushingwith a filtered, fast-drying solvent such as heptane.
31、 Cleansampling valve and tubing in the same manner. Systemcleanliness may be checked by running a sample of filteredheptane through it. If the test specimen has a 4 m count inexcess of 200 m mL, the system requires cleaning by contin-ued flushing with filtered heptane until the count falls below200.
32、10. Test Specimen Preparation10.1 Gently shake the test specimen in its container for atleast 1 min to ensure that it is well mixed.10.1.1 To achieve a consistent agitation it is recommendedto either: (a) tumble the test specimen container by hand or5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known
33、to the committee at this timeis Jet Fuel InFlow available from J.M. Canty Inc, 6100 Donner Rd., Lockport, NewYork USA 14094. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of t
34、he responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.D8049 172appropriate mechanical shaking device, (b) invert the containerback and forth for a minimum of 60 times at approximately1 Hz (cycle/second), or (c) use a roller device and roll for aminimum of 60 rotations. Other ways of gently shaking
35、 thecontainer may be used provided a well-mixed test specimen isachieved.NOTE 4Over-shaken or mechanically stirred samples can result infinely dispersed micro bubbles that may be counted as solid particles.Additionally, test specimens given ultrasonic treatment can result in thebreak-up of agglomera
36、ted particles into smaller ones that can affect thecount.11. Apparatus Verification and Calibration11.1 Illumination level should be checked daily prior to useper manufacturers operating manual.11.2 Calibration:11.2.1 The DIPA shall be calibrated per the manufacturersoperating manual. Calibration sh
37、all be done by referencing areticle (see 7.2). Once calibrated, a direct imaging-type instru-ment remains in calibration as long as the camera and lenscomponents remain unchanged and unmoved.11.2.2 The test specimen flow rate should be similar forcalibration, verification, and operation. An orifice
38、is providedon the outflow of the DIPA to ensure this.11.3 VerificationVerification shall be performed at leastevery six months.11.3.1 Particle CountUse the verification fluid referencedin 7.5 to verify particle count. Test in accordance with Section12. The per millilitre result obtained shall be equ
39、al to or lessthan r/1.414 of the measurement plus the uncertainty of theverification fluid from the certified 4 m(c) value of thestandard where r is the repeatability of the test (see Section 14and Appendix X1). If the result obtained is not within thisfigure, ensure the sample preparation is in acc
40、ordance with themanufacturers instructions, check the verification fluids valid-ity date, and run a further test using the filtered heptane toconfirm the inlet tube and cell assembly are free from contami-nants. Repeat the verification. If the result is still not within theallowed tolerance, consult
41、 the operating manual or contact themanufacturer.NOTE 5Failure to correctly precondition the verification fluid canresult in particle counts not meeting the verification criteria specified bythe fluid manufacturer.11.3.2 Particle SizeMono-disperse beads per 7.3,orsimilar, shall be used to verify the
42、 operation of the DIPA.Dilute the beads, if required, to an appropriate volume usingthe super clean fluid. The result of the analysis shall be within3 % of the average manufacturer certified particle size plus thespecified standard deviation for the beads.12. Procedure12.1 Ensure the instrument is s
43、et up as indicated in themanufacturers instructions.12.2 Prepare the sample in the test specimen container perSection 10, except when preparing the verification fluid for11.3.1, follow the preparation instruction of the verificationfluid manufacturer.12.3 Insert the stopper into the opening of the s
44、amplecontainer and attach tubing.12.4 Ensure vent tube is within approximately 25 mm of thecontainer bottom and tubing for inflow is approximately25 mm inside the container.12.5 Invert the container and position approximately150 mm above the instrument, ensuring tubing is straight andnot strained.12
45、.6 The DIPA will fill and flow will start. Allow the first500 mL to flow through to clean the DIPA. Start softwareanalysis at this point.12.7 The test specimen is run from the container through theDIPA and the resultant solid particle counts for the first 1000frames is compared to the results for a
46、second 1000 frames inthe 1 m category. If the count values recorded in the 1mcategory are within either 10 % or 200 particles, then anaverage of the complete results of the first 1000 frames and thesecond 1000 frames is calculated and reported as the result.The solid particle count and water droplet
47、 count results will becalculated based on the projected equivalent particle diameter.12.8 If solid particle count values recorded at 1 m are notwithin the specified error margin of 12.7, repeat the test.NOTE 6Volumes used in Section 12 may change according to therequired total volume the particular
48、instrument requires for the analysis.13. Report13.1 Report the following:13.1.1 Reference this standard,13.1.2 Sample identification,13.1.3 Date of testing,13.1.4 Instrument model and software version,13.1.5 Solid particle cumulative counts per millilitre in the4 m, 6 m, and 14 m ranges. Additional
49、ranges may bereported including 0.7 m to 4 m,13.1.6 Water droplet cumulative counts per millilitre in the4 m, 6 m, and 14 m ranges. Additional ranges may bereported including 0.7 m to 4 m,NOTE 7Water droplets can stick to the inside of the container wallcausing reported water droplet count to be lower than actual.13.1.7 Solid particle size distribution (optional),13.1.8 Droplet size distribution (optional), and13.1.9 Any deviation from the method.NOTE 8With regard to 13.1.7 and 13
