1、Designation: E100 17Standard Specification forASTM Hydrometers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates t
2、he year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of variousscale graduation systems, as
3、 required by the ASTM TestMethods in which they are used.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
4、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the Wor
5、ld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Perma-nent Records (Withdrawn 2010)3E1 Specifica
6、tion for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifica-tion of ASTM HydrometersE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-et
7、ers with Low-Hazard Precision LiquidsE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 Other Standards:ISO 1768:1975 Glass HydrometersConventional Valuefor the Thermal Cubic Expansion Coefficient (for Use inthe Preparation of Measurement Tables for Liquids)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions
8、given in Terminology E344apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ledger paper, na paper characterized by strength,high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, inkreceptivity, uniformity of surface, and smoothness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionOriginally, ledger paper was used
9、espe-cially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surfacesized, frequently subjected to appreciable wear, and shall havea high degree of permanence and durability.3.2.2 length of the scale, nlength of the nominal range inthe stem, not including graduations extending above and belowthe nomi
10、nal limits.3.2.3 relative density (formerly specific gravity), nratio ofthe mass of a given volume of material at a stated temperatureto the mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at thesame or different temperature. Both reference temperaturesshall be explicitly stated.3.2.3.1 Discussi
11、onCommon reference temperatures in-clude 60F/60F, 20C/20C, 20C/4C. The historic termspecific gravity may still be found.3.2.3.2 DiscussionThe reference temperatures for ASTMhydrometers and thermohydrometers are found in Table 1under the heading “standard temperature”.3.2.4 specific gravity, nan hist
12、oric term, replaced byrelative density.3.2.4.1 Discussionhydrometers manufactured to this stan-dard may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with bothdesignations. The two terms are both equally acceptable in thisstandard and are used interchangeably.3.2.5 thermohydrometer, nglass hydrometer having a
13、nintegral thermometer.3.2.6 top of the hydrometer, ntop of the finished instru-ment.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 onTemperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.Current edition app
14、roved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E100 15a. DOI:10.1520/E0100-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volum
15、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international stand
16、ard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.7
17、total length, noverall length of the finished instru-ment.4. Specifications4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailedspecifications in Table 1 and to the general requirementsspecified in Sections 515.4.2 Hydrometers shall be subjected to the initial calibrationcriteria found in Section
18、 14, the inspection criteria found inSection 16, and the calibration and verification criteria found inSection 17.4.3 Hydrometers manufactured to previous revisions of thisspecification shall retain the same ASTM status as thosemeeting current specifications.4.4 At the time of purchase, scale errors
19、 shall be within themaximum scale error found in Table 1.NOTE 1CautionUsers should be aware that both temperature anddensity indications of thermohydrometers may change with roughhandling, shock, exposure to aggressive liquids, and thermal cycling,among other factors. Consequently, test results and
20、performance obtainedat the time of manufacture may not necessarily apply throughout anextended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of theseinstruments, in accordance with procedures set forth in Test Method E126(for the hydrometer), or Test Method E77 (for the integral thermometer),i
21、s recommended5. Type5.1 Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, exceptfor the scale, ballast, and the thermometric liquid of thermo-hydrometers.5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall besymmetrical about the vertical axis. T
22、here shall be no unevenor unnecessary thickening of the walls, and no abrupt changesor constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend totrap air bubbles when the instrument is immersed.5.3 The hydrometer shall always float with its axis verticalin liquids for which it is intended.5.4 The
23、hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the insidewhen sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly roundedwithout unnecessary thickening.5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free ofbubbles, cracks, strain patterns, or other imperfections thatmight interfere with the use of the hydrometer. T
24、he glass shalladequately resist the reaction of chemical agents to whichhydrometers may be exposed and shall have suitable thermalproperties to permit its use over the range of temperatures towhich it may be subjected. In general, glasses suitable forconstructing the bulbs of thermometers are satisf
25、actory forhydrometers.5.6 These hydrometers and thermohydrometers shall befabricated from soda-lime glass tubing having a thermalcubical expansion coefficient of (25 +/- 2) x 10-6per C.NOTE 2The value of the thermal cubical expansion coefficient givenabove is consistent with the conventional value g
26、iven in ISO 1768:1975.6. Body6.1 The preferred shapes for the bodies of hydrometers areshown in Figs. 1 and 2.7. Ballast7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lowerpart of the body, and no loose material of any sort may beinside a hydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballastsec
27、urely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105C(221F).7.2 A solid material, such a shot, may be placed in a smallbulb below the main bulb of the hydrometer and then melted orsecured by cement.7.3 If steel shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shallnot soften below 105C (221F).7.4 Mercury
28、 shall not be used as ballast material in plainform hydrometers.8. Stem8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with noperceptible irregularities. It shall extend at least 15 mm abovethe top graduation and remain cylindrical for at least 3 mmbelow the lowest graduation.9. Scale9.1 The materia
29、l for the scale is not specified. However, ifpaper is used, it shall only be ledger paper, meeting thespecifications in Specification D3290. The scale may beanchored by a design which prevents it from moving;otherwise, it shall be fixed in place with cement that will notsoften below 105C (221F) and
30、will not deteriorate with time.The paper shall show no evidence of scorching or charringwhen received or after use at 105C (221F). The scale shall bestraight and without twist.10. Markings10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a perma-nent black marking material, such as India ink.10.2 A
31、ll graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines notexceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, andin no case more than 0.2 mm. The lines shall be perpendicularto the vertical axis of the hydrometer. The lengths of maindivision lines, subdivision lines, and intermediate lines, if u
32、sed,shall be so chosen as to facilitate readings. The shortest linesshall be at least 2 mm long.10.3 All numbers on API hydrometers shall be complete.The numbers for the 0.050 graduation lines on relative density(specific gravity) and density hydrometers shall include thevalues for the first three d
33、ecimal places, for example: 0.750,0.900, 1.100; the other numbered lines may be abbreviated.10.4 Relative density (specific gravity) hydrometers may bemarked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The twoterms are both acceptable in this standard and are usedinterchangeably.E100 172TABLE
34、1 Specifications for ASTM HydrometersAPI Gravity Hydrometers Relative Density(Specific Gravity)HydrometersRelative Density(Specific Gravity)HydrometersFor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids ofSimilar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)For General UseASTMHydrometerNo.NominalAPI GravityRange, deg
35、ASTMHydrometerNo.NominalRel. Density(Sp. Gr.)RangeASTMHydrometerNo.NominalRel. Density(Sp. Gr.)Range1H-62 1 to + 11 82H-62 0.650 to 0.700 For AlcoholsA2H-62 9 to 21 83H-62 0.700 to 0.750 98H-62 0.950 to 1.0003H-62 19 to 31 84H-61 0.750 to 0.800 For Heavy LiquidsA4H-62 29 to 41 85H-62 0.800 to 0.850
36、111H-62 1.000 to 1.0505H-62 39 to 51 86H-62 0.850 to 0.900 112H-62 1.050 to 1.1006H-62 49 to 61 87H-62 0.900 to 0.950 113H-62 1.100 to 1.1507H-62 59 to 71 88H-62 0.950 to 1.000 114H-62 1.150 to 1.2008H-62 69 to 81 89H-62 1.000 to 1.050 115H-62 1.200 to 1.2509H-62 79 to 91 90H-62 1.050 to 1.100 116H-
37、62 1.250 to 1.30010H-62 89 to 101 117H-62 1.300 to 1.35011H-03 37 to 49 118H-62 1.350 to 1.40012H-03 64 to 76 119H-62 1.400 to 1.450120H-62 1.450 to 1.500Standard temperature, F 60 60/60 60/60Subdivisions 0.1 API 0.0005 0.0005Intermediate lines at 0.5 API 0.001 0.001Main (numbered) lines at 1.0 API
38、0.005 0.005Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.1 API 0.0005 0.0005Total length, mmLength of nominal scale, mm325 to 335125 to 145325 to 335125 to 145325 to 335125 to 145Scale extension beyond nominal rangelimits, max0.2 0.0025 0.0025Body diameter, mmStem diameter min, mm23 to 274.023 to 275.023
39、 to 274.0API Gravity HydrometersFor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API GravityRange, degASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API GravityRange, deg21H-62 0 to 6 31H-62 50 to 5622H-62 5 to 11 32H-62 55 to 6123H-62 10 to 16 33H-6
40、2 60 to 6624H-62 15 to 21 34H-62 65 to 7125H-62 20 to 26 35H-62 70 to 7626H-62 25 to 31 36H-62 75 to 8127H-62 30 to 36 37H-62 80 to 8628H-62 35 to 41 38H-62 85 to 9129H-62 40 to 46 39H-62 90 to 9630H-62 45 to 51 40H-62 95 to 101Standard temperature, F 60Subdivision, API 0.1Intermediate lines at, API
41、 0.5Main (numbered) lines at, API 1.0Scale error at any point not to exceed, API 0.2Total length, mmLength of nominal scale, mm158 to 16848 to 61Scale extension beyond nominal range limits, max 0.2 APIBody diameter, mmStem diameter min, mm12 to 152.5API Gravity ThermohydrometersFor Petroleum Product
42、s and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)Thermometer Scale in BodyASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity Range, deg41H-66 15 to 2342H-66 22 to 3043H-66 29 to 3744H-66 36 to 4445H-66 43 to 51HydrometerTotal length, mm 374 to 387Body diameter, mm 18 to 25Stem diameter, min
43、, mm 4.0Hydrometer ScaleE100 173Standard temperature, F 60Subdivisions, API 0.1Intermediate lines at, API 0.5Main (numbered) lines at, API 1.0Scale error at any point not to exceed, API 0.1Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145Thermometer ScaleRange, FB0 to 150 Designation L30 to 180 Designation M60
44、 to 220 Designation HImmersion totalSubdivisions, F 2Intermediate lines at, F 10Main (numbered) lines at, F 20Scale error at any point not to exceed, F 1Scale length, mm 80 to 110API Gravity ThermohydrometersFor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)Th
45、ermometer Scale in Body Thermometer Scale in StemASTM Hydrometer No.Nominal API GravityRange, degASTM Hydrometer No.Nominal API GravityRange, deg51H-62 1 to + 11 71H-62 1 to + 1152H-62 9 to 21 72H-62 9 to 2153H-62 19 to 31 73H-62 19 to 3154H-62 29 to 41 74H-62 29 to 4155H-62 39 to 5156H-62 49 to 615
46、7H-62 59 to 7158H-62 69 to 8159H-62 79 to 9160H-62 89 to 101HydrometerTotal length, mm 374 to 387 374 to 387Body diameter, mm 18 to 25 23 to 27Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0 6.0Hydrometer ScaleStandard temperature, F 60Subdivisions, API 0.1Intermediate lines at, API 0.5Main (numbered) lines at, API 1.0S
47、cale error at any point not to exceed, API 0.1Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145Thermometer ScaleRange, FC0 to 150 Designation L30 to 180 Designation M60 to 220 Designation H30 to 220Immersion total totalSubdivisions, F 2 2Intermediate lines at, F 10 10Main (numbered) lines at, F 20 20Scale erro
48、r at any point not to exceed, F 1 1Scale length, mm 80 to 110 105 to 145Relative Density (Specific Gravity) ThermohydrometerFor Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar SurfaceTensions (33 dynes/cm or less)Thermometer Scale in BodyASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal Rel. Density (Sp. Gr.)Range101H-03
49、 0.500 to 0.650HydrometerTotal length, mm 354 to 387Body diameter, mm 19 to 22Stem diameter min, mm 10.5Working pressure min, psi 200Hydrometer ScaleStandard temperature, F 60/60Subdivisions 0.001Intermediate lines at 0.005Main (numbered) lines at 0.010Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.001Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145Thermometer ScaleRange, F 30 to 90Immersion totalE100 174Subdivisions, F 1Intermediate lines at, F 5Main (numbered) lines at, F 10Scale error at any point n
