1、Designation: E1996 17Standard Specification forPerformance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, andImpact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debrisin Hurricanes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed cur-ta
3、in walls, doors, and impact protective systems used inbuildings located in geographic regions that are prone tohurricanes.1.1.1 ExceptionExterior garage doors and rolling doorsare governed by ANSI/DASMA 115 and are beyond the scopeof this specification.1.2 This specification provides the information
4、 required toconduct Test Method E1886.1.3 Qualification under this specification provides a basisfor judgment of the ability of applicable elements of thebuilding envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane;thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on thebuilding interior and reduci
5、ng the magnitude of internalpressurization. While this standard was developed forhurricanes, it may be used for other types of similar wind-storms capable of generating windborne debris.1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelinesbased upon currently available information and research
6、.2Asnew information and research becomes available it will beconsidered.1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regardedas standard. Values given in parentheses are for informationonly. Where certain values contained in reference documentscited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound
7、units, theymust be converted by the user.1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only tothe test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof th
8、is standard to establish appropriate safety, health, andenvironmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decisio
9、n on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-meric Joint Sealants Under Cycl
10、ic Movement (HockmanCycle)C1135 Test Method for Determining TensileAdhesion Prop-erties of Structural SealantsD3575 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials MadeFrom Olefin PolymersE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, Door
11、s, and Impact Protective SystemsImpacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic PressureDifferentials2.2 ASCE/SEI Standard:4ASCE/SEI 7 American Society of Civil Engineers MinimumDesign Loads for Buildings and Other Structures2.3 ANSI/DASMA Standard:5ANSI/DASMA 115 Standard Method for Testing SectionalG
12、arage Doors and Rolling Doors: Determination of Struc-tural Performance Under Missile Impact and Cyclic WindPressure1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors,
13、Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1996 14a. DOI:10.1520/E1996-17.2See the Significance and Use Section of Test Method E1886.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/
15、www.asce.org.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in ac
16、cordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.4 Other Standard:6Internati
17、onal Residential Code3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 General terms used in this specification are defined inTerminology E631.3.1.2 Terms common to this specification and Test MethodE1886 are defined in Test Method E1886, unless definedherein.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2
18、.1 assembly elevationvertical dimension above adja-cent mean ground level at which fenestration or impactprotective system assembly is to be installed, measured to thelowest point of the assembly.3.2.2 basic wind speedthree-second gust speeds as de-fined in the latest edition of ASCE/SEI 7.3.2.3 com
19、bination mulliona horizontal or vertical memberformed by joining two or more individual fenestration unitstogether without a mullion stiffener.3.2.4 impact protective systemconstruction applied,attached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system toprotect that system from windborne debris dur
20、ing high windevents.3.2.4.1 DiscussionImpact protective systems includetypes that are fixed, operable, or removable.3.2.5 infillglazing in a fenestration assembly or curtainwall.3.2.6 integral mulliona horizontal or vertical memberwhich is bounded at both ends by crossing frame members.3.2.7 maximum
21、 deflectionGreatest deformation of an ele-ment or component under the application of an applied force.3.2.8 maximum dynamic deflectiongreatest deformationof an element or component during the missile impact.3.2.9 meeting rail or check railone of the two horizontalmembers of a sliding sash that come
22、together when in theclosed position.3.2.10 meeting stileone of the two vertical members of asliding sash that come together when in the closed position.3.2.11 porous impact protective systeman assemblywhose aggregate open area exceeds ten percent of its projectedsurface area.3.2.12 valleya pivoting
23、axis of an impact protective sys-tem designed to rotate adjacent slats or panels outward.4. Test Specimens4.1 Number of Test Specimens:4.1.1 Fenestration Assemblies:4.1.1.1 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the largemissile test.4.1.1.2 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the small
24、missile test.4.1.1.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one of the original threespecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2 Impact Protective Systems:4.1.2.1 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the large missile test for
25、the largest span to be qualified.4.1.2.2 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-ted for the small missile test.4.1.2.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted foreach of the tests should no more than one of the originalspecimens fail any portion of the testing.4.1.2.4 For porous imp
26、act protective systems, the large andsmall missile tests shall be allowed to be performed on thesame specimens, or on separate specimens. If the large andsmall missile tests are performed on the same specimens, thesmall missile impacts shall be performed first, followed by thelarge missile impacts.4
27、.2 Test specimens shall be prepared as specified in TestMethod E1886.4.3 The size of the test specimen shall be determined by thespecifying authority. All components of each test specimenshall be full size.4.4 Where it is impractical to test the entire fenestrationassembly such as curtain wall and h
28、eavy commercialassemblies, test the largest size of each type of panel asrequired by the specifying authority to qualify the entireassembly.4.5 Fenestration assemblies and impact protective systemsintended to be mulled together shall be tested separately ortested by combining three specimens into on
29、e mounting frameseparated only by the mullions.5. Test Methods5.1 Test specimens shall be tested according to Test MethodE1886.5.2 Determine the missile based upon buildingclassification, wind speed, and assembly elevation according toSection 6.5.3 Location of Impact:5.3.1 Large Missile TestImpact e
30、ach impact protectivesystem specimen and each fenestration assembly infill typeonce as shown in Fig. 1.6Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.org.FIG. 1 Impact Locations for Large Missile Test(Each Type of Infill)E
31、1996 1725.3.1.1 Impact one specimen with the center of the missilewithin a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the center ofthe circle located at the center of each type of infill.5.3.1.2 Impact a different specimen with the center of themissile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with the
32、center of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a corner.5.3.1.3 Impact the remaining specimen with the center ofthe missile within a 65-mm (212-in.) radius circle and with thecenter of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supportingmembers at a diagonally opposite corner.5.3
33、.2 Special Considerations:5.3.2.1 For test specimens containing multiple panels, im-pact the exterior glazing surface innermost from the exteriorplane of the fenestration assembly or impact protective systempanel innermost from the exterior.5.3.2.2 For test specimens containing fixed and operablepan
34、els of the same type of infill, impact the operable portion.5.3.2.3 For operable test specimens, a corner impact loca-tion shall be nearest a locking device and the other cornerimpact location shall be at a corner diagonally opposite.5.3.2.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specifiedimpact loc
35、ation(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated tothe nearest area with no bracing.5.3.2.5 The impacts on accordion impact protective systemsshall be at the valleys located closest to the impact locationsshown in Fig. 1.5.3.3 Small Missile TestImpact each impact protectivesystem specimen and eac
36、h fenestration assembly infill typethree times with ten steel balls each as shown in Fig. 2.5.3.3.1 Each impact location shall receive distributed im-pacts simultaneously from ten steel balls. The impact shall bedescribed in the test report.5.3.3.2 The corner impact locations shall be entirely withi
37、na 250-mm (10-in.) radius circle having its center located at 275mm (11 in.) from the edges.5.3.3.3 The edge impact locations shall be entirely within a250-mm (10-in.) radius circle at the centerline between twocorners having its center located at 275 mm (11 in.) from theedge.5.3.3.4 The center impa
38、ct location shall be entirely within a250-mm (10-in.) radius circle having its center located at thehorizontal and vertical centerline of the infill.NOTE 1Impact locations for small missile test may overlap dependingon the size of the specimen.5.4 Air Pressure Cycling:5.4.1 Air Pressure Differential
39、:5.4.1.1 The air pressure portion of the test shall use the testloading program in Table 1. Select Pposand Pnegfor themaximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative)air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.5.4.1.2 The air pressure differential to be used for porousimpact
40、protective systems shall be F (the design wind force forother structures as specified in ASCE/SEI 7) divided by thehorizontally projected area of the entire assembly.5.4.2 Porous impact protective systems whose aggregateopen area exceeds 50 % of their projected surface area thatpass the small missil
41、e test and that are not subject to the largemissile test need not be tested for the air pressure portion of thetest described in this section.5.5 For impact protective system specimens that are testedindependently of the fenestration assemblies they are intendedto protect, measure, and record both t
42、he maximum dynamicdeflection and the residual deflection following the impact testand measure and record the maximum positive deflection incombination with the residual deflection during the air pressurecycling test. Measure all deflections to the nearest 2 mm (0.1in.).6. Missiles6.1 The specifying
43、authority shall select an applicablemissile by defining a level of protection, a wind zone, and anassembly elevation above the ground.6.2 The applicable missile from Table 2 shall be chosenusing Table 3 or Table 4, unless otherwise specified.6.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, select the appropriate l
44、evelof building protection from 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.3 and enter Table 3or Table 4 at the appropriate column.6.2.1.1 Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities,including, but not limited to, hospitals; other health carefacilities having emerg
45、ency treatment facilities; jails and de-tention facilities; fire, rescue and police stations, and emer-gency vehicle garages; designated emergency shelters; com-munications centers and other facilities required for emergencyresponse; power generating stations; other public utility facili-ties requir
46、ed in an emergency; and buildings and other struc-tures having critical national defense functions.6.2.1.2 Basic ProtectionAll buildings and structures ex-cept those listed in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.6.2.1.3 UnprotectedBuildings and other structures thatrepresent a low hazard to human life in a windstor
47、m including,FIG. 2 Impact Locations for Small Missile Test(Each Type of Infill)TABLE 1 Cyclic Static Air Pressure LoadingLoadingSequenceLoading Direction Air Pressure CyclesNumber of AirPressure Cycles1 Positive 0.2 to 0.5 Ppos35002 Positive 0.0 to 0.6 Ppos3003 Positive 0.5 to 0.8 Ppos6004 Positive
48、0.3 to 1.0 Ppos1005 Negative 0.3 to 1.0 Pneg506 Negative 0.5 to 0.8 Pneg10507 Negative 0.0 to 0.6 Pneg508 Negative 0.2 to 0.5 Pneg3350E1996 173but not limited to: agricultural facilities, productiongreenhouses, certain temporary facilities, and storage facilities.6.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, se
49、lect the wind zone basedon the basic wind speed as specified in 6.2.2.1 6.2.2.3. ForBasic Protection buildings use the ASCE/SEI 7 VULTmap forrisk category II. For Enhanced Protection buildings use theASCE/SEI 7 VULTmap for risk categories III and IV.6.2.2.1 Wind Zone 1130 mph (58 m/s) basic wind speed9.1 m(30 ft)#9.1 m(30 ft)9.1 m(30 ft)#9.1 m(30 ft)9.1 m(30 ft)Wind Zone 1 D D C A None NoneWind Zone 2 D D C A None NoneWind Zone 3 E D D A None NoneTABLE 4 Description of Levels for Rooftop Skylightsin One- and Two-Family DwellingsNOT
