1、Designation: E2167 01 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Stone Consolidants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection and useof consolidants for preservation of stone.1.2 When considering the use of stone
3、 consolidants, guid-ance from specialists experienced in stone conservation shouldbe sought. Where work on features of artistic, architectural,cultural or historical importance is being considered, guidancefrom specialists in these fields should be sought. Historicpreservation guidelines should be c
4、onsidered in planning thework.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of th
5、is guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should this documentbe applied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects.1.4 Limited descriptio
6、n of tests are provided for informa-tional purposes only. See the referenced standard for completedescription.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound unites are to be re-garded as standard. The values given in parentheses areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard
7、 does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user to consult appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C88 Test Meth
8、od for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravityof Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC295 Guide for Petrographic Examina
9、tion of Aggregates forConcreteC418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC779/C779M Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Hori-zontal Concrete SurfacesC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity ofDimension St
10、oneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of DimensionStone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform,Double-Head AbraserD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Com
11、pound(VOC) Content of Paints and Related CoatingsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE632 Practice for Developing Accelerated T
12、ests to Aid1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 2001.
13、Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E2167 01. DOI:10.1520/E2167-01R08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
14、e ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information1Prediction
15、of the Service Life of Building Componentsand MaterialsG26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001) (With-drawn 2000)3G53 Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap-paratus (Fluorescent UV-
16、Condensation Type) for Expo-sure of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)32.2 Other Documents:The Secretary of the Interiors Standards for the Treatmentof Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving,Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing HistoricBuildings4UNESCO, 1978 International Cha
17、rter for the Conservationand Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice Charter),1964, 19865AIC. 1979 Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, 1976,revised 19946RILEM Test No. 11.4 Water absorption under low pressure(pipe method), RILEM Commission 25-PEM, TentativeRecommendations, 198073. Terminolo
18、gy3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 consolidanta consolidant is a material applied tostone to re-establish the bond between particles that may havebeen lost through weathering or other decay mechanisms. Theconsolidant treatment aims to reduce the rate of decay of stone.3.1.2 s
19、pecialistarchitect, conservator, engineer or otherprofessional with experience in the selection and use of stoneconsolidants, hereinafter referred to as the stone conservationspecialist.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information on methods that canassist the design and conservation p
20、rofessional in the selectionand use of consolidants for stone.4.2 Use of a consolidant should be considered only afterdeveloping a thorough understanding of all factors contributingto the deterioration of the stone. Such an understanding is bestreached through a comprehensive survey of existingcondi
21、tions, environment, and a definition of stone performancerequirements, followed by laboratory analysis of the stone andits deterioration products. With this information it should bepossible to identify the decay mechanisms and to develop aconservation plan for the stone. However, careful preliminary
22、investigation may indicate that consolidation is an inappropri-ate treatment.4.3 Decay MechanismsAdiscussion of decay mechanismsis beyond the scope of this document; however, an understand-ing of decay mechanisms is critical to the evaluation andselection of appropriate treatment methods for stone i
23、ncludingchemical consolidation. (See Bibliography for references.)4.4 Stone consolidation should only be done as part of anoverall conservation plan. Consolidating stone without resolv-ing underlying problems contributing to its deterioration (suchas rising damp or improper drainage) can cause the c
24、onsolida-tion treatment to fail completely or to accelerate the rate ofdeterioration of the stone. The condition of the stone should bedocumented before and after treatment.4.5 Past experience has shown that application of someconsolidants may contribute to deterioration or create unantici-pated pro
25、blems. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to usea stone consolidant at all. Consolidation should be consideredonly after unsuccessful attempts to remove or modify degra-dation sources have been carried out.4.6 Consideration should be given to the fact that consoli-dation of porous stone is an
26、irreversible process. Consolidantsthat allow future retreatment should be selected if possible. Forexample, treatment of stone, particularly porous stone, withhydrophobic materials may not allow future retreatment withwater-based consolidants.4.7 No consolidant should be used that prevents or signif
27、i-cantly retards water vapor migration through the stone.5. Methodology5.1 This document is organized into sections covering eachstep of the consolidant selection process.5.1.1 Identification of Stone Consolidants PerformanceGoals.5.1.2 Identification of Consolidant Selection Consider-ations.5.1.3 A
28、nalysis and comparison of the properties of treatedand untreated stone samples.5.1.4 Preparation and evaluation of in-situ test panels.5.1.5 Final evaluation of consolidant performance.6. Performance Goals for Stone Consolidants6.1 Prior to selection of a consolidant, it is necessary todefine the re
29、quired physical properties (performance criteria)of the consolidated stone under the environmental conditions inwhich it will be exposed. The following is a list of propertiesthat have been found to be important under a variety ofexposure conditions, however, not all properties are germane toeach sp
30、ecific application. It will be necessary for the stoneconservation specialist to select those properties that areapplicable and need to be considered for the specific applica-tion at hand.6.1.1 Depth of PenetrationThe consolidant should pen-etrate at least through the weathered layers of stone and i
31、ntosound stone. Experience indicates the greater the depth of3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,PreservationAssistance Division, Washington, DC, revised 1995, available online
32、athttp:/www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/standguide.5Available from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France,http:/www.unesco.org.6Available from the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and ArtisticWorks, 17
33、17 K Street, NW, Suite 301, Washington, DC 20006, http:/aic.stanford.edu.7Available from the International Union of Laboratories and Experts inConstruction Materials, Systems, and Structures (RILEM),157 rue des Blains,F-92220 Bagneux, France, http:/.E2167 01 (2008)2penetration, the more likely is th
34、e success of the treatment.Bonding of the consolidated damaged layers to the sound,interior stone will minimize delamination or flaking of thetreated layer.6.1.2 Consolidating AbilityThe treatment should improvethe mechanical properties of the stone, such as compressive orflexural strength, abrasion
35、 resistance and erosion resistance.6.1.3 Water Vapor PermeabilityThe treatment should notappreciably affect the water vapor transmission rate of thestone.6.1.4 Resistance to Internal Expansive ForcesThe treat-ment should increase the resistance of the stone to deteriorationby salt crystallization or
36、 freeze/thaw effects.6.1.5 Thermal Expansion CharacteristicsThe treatedstone should have a coefficient of thermal expansion notsignificantly different from that of the untreated stone.6.1.6 AppearanceIdeally, the consolidant should produceonly minor changes in the appearance of the stone, specifical
37、ly,changes in texture, hue, value, chroma, lightness, gloss, orreflectivity.6.1.7 The treated stone should not be more susceptible toattracting and absorbing airborne particles, gases, and soil thanthe untreated stone.6.1.8 DurabilityThe consolidated stone should retain itsimproved properties for an
38、 extended time period.6.1.9 Water ResistanceTreatment of the stone shouldimprove its resistance to water dissolution and water erosion.The treated weathered stone should be more resistant to erosionthan the untreated stone.6.1.10 BiodegradationThe consolidant should not providenutrients that support
39、 the growth of degradative types ofmicroflora, bacteria, and higher plants.7. Consolidant Selection Considerations7.1 Objective of Consolidation Treatment:7.1.1 The objective of the consolidation treatment must bedefined. Typically, the purpose of consolidation treatment is toreestablish bonds betwe
40、en particles that have been lost orweakened through weathering, microcracking or other decaymechanisms. The treatment should increase the service life ofthe stone without causing adverse effects.7.2 Historic Preservation Guidelines:7.2.1 The treatment must be in accordance with applicablebuilding an
41、d safety codes and historic preservation guidelinesas accepted by the preservation community. (See 2.2 forreferences.)7.2.2 For structures that may possess artistic, architectural,cultural or historical significance, consideration should begiven to writing a Historic Structure Report prior to finali
42、zinga consolidation treatment.7.3 Stone CharacteristicsThe following characteristics ofthe stone should be evaluated: Type, chemical composition,mineralogical composition, structure and texture, porestructure, and pore size distribution and condition.7.4 Past Performance HistoryThe past performance
43、of theconsolidant(s) on the particular type of stone should beconsidered. The effectiveness of the treatment may be stronglyinfluenced by the method of application and conditions duringcure.7.5 Consolidant Application MethodIn selecting aconsolidant, the feasibility of the recommended applicationmet
44、hod for the particular stone or structure, the skill of theapplicators and the size of the area to be consolidated, shouldbe considered. Application methods include brush, misting, orspray; liquid flooding of surface; capillary rise impregnation;and pressurized infiltration.7.6 Environmental Protect
45、ion ConsiderationsEffortsshould be made to use consolidants and solvents that do notrelease hazardous pollutants. Volatile Organic Compounds(VOC) content of the consolidant should have been determinedby the manufacturer in accordance with Practice D3960.Application of consolidants must comply with a
46、ll currentapplicable environmental regulations. Such regulations aresubject to change; it is the responsibility of the user to be awareof any changes to applicable standards.8. Analysis of Untreated Stone8.1 Untreated deteriorated stone samples should be ana-lyzed to determine the degradation mode a
47、nd causes ofdeterioration, and necessity for a consolidation treatment.8.1.1 No consolidant should be used that prevents or sig-nificantly retards vapor migration from the building interior tothe exterior since this could cause major disintegration of thestone.8.2 The applicable tests should be sele
48、cted and the resultsinterpreted by the stone conservation specialist. Testing shouldbe performed on representative samples of deteriorated andsound stone. ASTM test procedures may be modified by thestone conservation specialist as appropriate for historic mate-rials.8.2.1 Petrographic ExaminationThe
49、 mineralogicalcomposition, morphology, and geologic history, and theirsignificance with respect to the stones service history can bedetermined by petrographic and X-ray diffraction examina-tions. The examination should be conducted and interpreted bya scientist specializing in these areas in coordination with thestone conservation specialist. Refer to Guide C295 modifiedfor use on stone.8.2.2 Water AbsorptionIn accordance with Test MethodsC97. These methods cover the tests for determining the waterabsorption and bulk specific gravity o
