1、Designation: E2286 08aStandard Guide forExamination of Dry Seal Impressions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinationsand comparisons involving dry seal devices a
3、nd their impres-sions.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion(s) and comparison(s) is of questioned and known items orof exclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material available for examination.1.4 The particular methods em
4、ployed in a given case willdepend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material avail-able for examination.1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of particularlyunusual or uncommon examinations.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
5、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE1658 Terminolo
6、gy for Expressing Conclusions of ForensicDocument ExaminersE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned Documents3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide, referto Terminology E1658, Terminology E1732, and Termin
7、ologyE2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dry seal, na non-inked mechanical device whichembosses a design on paper.3.2.2 embossment variation, nnon-uniformity of the dryseal impression on the paper stock. It can be caused by themanner of application or by defects in the dry
8、 seal.3.2.3 impression, nan image formed by pressure.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theseprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably re
9、achan opinion concerning whether two or more dry seal impres-sions have a common origin, or if a dry seal impression wascreated by a specific dry seal device.5. Interferences5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherentlimitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.Limitati
10、ons should be noted and recorded.5.2 Limitations can be due to submission of non-originaldocuments, limited quantity or comparability, or condition ofthe items submitted for examination (for example, distortedimpressions, partially imprinted impressions, or variations insurface texture). Such featur
11、es are taken into account in thisguide.5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-cal processing (for example, for latent prints) can interfere withthe examination of certain characteristics. The effects caninclude, but are not limited to, flattening of the embossment orimpression
12、, partial destruction of the paper, and stains. When-ever possible, document examinations should be conductedprior to any chemical processing. Items should be handledappropriately to avoid compromising subsequent examina-tions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSc
13、iences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.Current edition approved July 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2286 08. DOI:10.1520/E2286-08A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE
15、: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information15.4 Consideration should be given to the possibility that adry seal device can be manufactured which duplicates theimpressions of another dry sea
16、l.6. Equipment and Requirements6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.NOTE 1Natural light, incandescent or fluorescent sources, or fiberoptic lighting systems are generally utilized. Transmitted illumination,side lighting, and vertical inciden
17、t lighting have been found useful.6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Other apparatus as appropriate.6.4 Imaging or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.5 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. Procedure7.1 Per
18、form all procedures when applicable and note eachwhen appropriate. These procedures do not have to be per-formed in the order given.7.2 Document the examinations performed, the relevantobservations, and the results.7.3 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature i
19、s not present or that an item is lackingin quality or comparability can indicate that the examinershould discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is at thediscretion of the examiner to discontinue the procedure at thatpoint and report accordingly or to continue with the applicableprocedures to the
20、extent possible. Document the reasons forsuch a decision.7.4 Determine whether the submitted questioned impres-sion(s) were produced by a dry seal device. If the questionedimpression was not created by a dry seal device, discontinueexamination and report accordingly.7.5 Determine whether the examina
21、tion is a comparison ofquestioned impressions; a comparison of a questioned impres-sion(s) with a known impression(s); or a comparison of aquestioned impression(s) with a dry seal device.7.6 Determine whether the submitted questioned impres-sion(s) is suitable for comparison. If it is not suitable f
22、orcomparison, discontinue the procedure and report accordingly.Factors that affect the suitability include clarity, detail, degreeof embossing or condition of the document.NOTE 2The original is usually necessary for the examination ofindividualizing characteristics.NOTE 3Limited sufficiency and comp
23、arability of the impressions canbe a restrictive factor in an examination and its conclusions but does notnecessarily require the discontinuation of the examination.7.7 If no known specimen impressions or dry seal device(s)were submitted, go to 7.13.7.8 If a known document(s) is submitted, determine
24、 whetherthe known document(s) is suitable for examination, orcomparison, or both. If it is not suitable, discontinue theprocedure and report accordingly. Factors that affect thesuitability include clarity, detail, or condition of the document.7.9 If the original is not submitted, evaluate the qualit
25、y ofthe best available reproduction to determine whether signifi-cant details have been reproduced with sufficient clarity forcomparison purposes and proceed to the extent possible. If thereproduction is not of sufficient clarity for comparisonpurposes, discontinue these procedures and report accord
26、ingly.7.10 If a dry seal device(s) is submitted, its condition shouldbe noted (for example, clean, dirty, worn, damaged).7.10.1 Note, when applicable, class characteristics (forexample, typeface design and size).7.10.2 Note any visible features that reproduced on theimpression.7.10.3 Prepare appropr
27、iate specimens, as needed.7.11 Determine if any of the known specimen impressionsare suitable for comparison.7.12 If none of the known specimen impressions are suit-able for comparison and no others are obtained, discontinuethese procedures and report accordingly.7.13 Conduct a side-by-side comparis
28、on of the questionedimpressions, or the questioned impression to the known im-pressions and/or to the dry seal device(s).7.13.1 Compare class characteristics (for example, impres-sion format, typeface design, other present designs and relativesizes). If different, discontinue and report accordingly.
29、7.13.2 Compare individualizing characteristics in commonsuch as wear and damage defects, embossment variationpatterns.7.14 Evaluate similarities, differences, and limitations. De-termine their significance individually and in combination.7.15 Reach a conclusion and report accordingly.8. Report8.1 Co
30、nclusion(s) or opinion(s) resulting from the proce-dures in this guide may be reached once sufficient examina-tions have been conducted. The number and nature of thenecessary examinations is dependent on the question at hand.8.2 The bases and reasons for the conclusion(s), opinion(s),or finding(s) s
31、hould be included in the examiners documen-tation and may also appear in the report.8.3 IdentificationWhen the examination reveals nosignificant, inexplicable differences between two or moreitems, and there is agreement in all individualizingcharacteristics, an identification is appropriate (that is
32、, com-pared impressions or compared impression and dry seal containsubstantial significant similarities; there are no significant,inexplicable differences; and no limitations associated withabsent characteristics; and any possibility of a duplicate dryseal can be eliminated).8.4 EliminationIf signif
33、icant, inexplicable differences be-tween two or more items are found at any level of the analyses,an elimination is appropriate (that is, the impressions containsubstantial significant differences). There may be similarities.E2286 08a28.5 Qualified OpinionsWhen there are limiting factorsand the exam
34、ination reveals similarities or differences oflimited significance between two or more items, the use ofqualified opinions can be appropriate (that is, the impressionsor observed features contain limited similarities or differences;or limitations associated with absent characters, individualiz-ing c
35、haracteristics, or distorted impressions are present; or acombination of these). Qualified opinions require explanationof the limiting factors.8.6 No ConclusionWhen there are significant limitingfactors, and the examination reveals no significant similaritiesor significant differences, a report that
36、 no conclusion can bereached is appropriate (that is, the impressions or observedfeatures contain insufficient significant similarities and insuf-ficient differences). This opinion requires explanation of thelimiting factors.9. Keywords9.1 dry seal; dry seal impressions; forensic sciences; ques-tion
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38、 rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additi
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