1、Designation: E2533 171Standard Guide forNondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Usedin Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2533; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAn editorial correction was made to subsection 4.2 in November 2017.This standard has been approved for use by agen
3、cies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides information to help engineers selectappropriate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to charac-terize aerospace polymer matrix composites (PMCs). Thisguide does not intend to describe every inspection technology.Rather, emphasis
4、is placed on established NDT methods thathave been developed into consensus standards and that arecurrently used by industry. Specific practices and test methodsare not described in detail, but are referenced. The referencedNDT practices and test methods have demonstrated utility inquality assurance
5、 of PMCs during process design andoptimization, process control, after manufacture inspection,in-service inspection, and health monitoring.1.2 This guide does not specify accept-reject criteria and isnot intended to be used as a means for approving compositematerials or components for service.1.3 Th
6、is guide covers the following established NDT meth-ods as applied to PMCs:Acoustic Emission (AE, 7), ComputedTomography (CT, 8), Leak Testing (LT, 9), RadiographicTesting, Computed Radiography, Digital Radiography, andRadioscopy (RT, CR, DR, RTR, 10), Shearography (11), StrainMeasurement (contact me
7、thods, 12), Thermography (13), Ul-trasonic Testing (UT, 14), and Visual Testing (VT, 15).1.4 The value of this guide consists of the narrative descrip-tions of general procedures and significance and use sectionsfor established NDT practices and test methods as applied toPMCs. Additional information
8、 is provided about the use ofcurrently active standard documents (an emphasis is placed onapplicable standard guides, practices, and test methods ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing), geometryand size considerations, safety and hazards considerations, andinformation about physical referen
9、ce standards.1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standarddocuments, there are recognized NDT specialists that arecertified in accordance with industry and company NDTspecifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be apart of any composite component design, quality assurance,in-servic
10、e maintenance or damage examination.1.6 This guide summarizes the application of NDT proce-dures to fiber- and fabric-reinforced polymeric matrix compos-ites. The composites of interest are primarily, but not exclu-sively limited to those containing high modulus (greater than20 GPa (3106psi) fibers.
11、 Furthermore, an emphasis is placedon composites with continuous (versus discontinuous) fiberreinforcement.1.7 This guide is applicable to PMCs containing but notlimited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting andthermoplastic), poly(ether ethe
12、r ketone), poly(ether imide),polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylenesulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron,carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers.1.8 The composite materials considered herein include uni-axial laminae, cross-ply laminates, angle-p
13、ly laminates, andsandwich constructions. The composite components madetherefrom include filament-wound pressure vessels, flight con-trol surfaces, and various structural composites.1.9 For current and potential NDT procedures for findingindications of discontinuities in the composite overwrap infila
14、ment-wound pressure vessels, also known as compositeoverwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs), refer to Guide E2981.1.10 For a summary of the application of destructiveASTMstandard practices and test methods (and other supportingstandards) to continuous-fiber reinforced PMCs, refer to GuideD4762.1.11 The
15、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E
16、07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on SpecializedNDT Methods.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E253316a. DOI:10.1520/E2533-17E01.Copyright ASTM Internati
17、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guid
18、es and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international
19、 standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee
20、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD4762 Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Mate-rialsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
21、E2981 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of the CompositeOverwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used inAerospace Applications2.2 ASNT Standard:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Curing Press Straining Block (1
22、3 Drawings)43. Terminology3.1 AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations are ad-opted in this guide: Acoustic Emission (AE), ComputedRadiography (CR), Computed Tomography (CT), Digital Ra-diography (DR), Leak Testing (LT), Radiographic Testing(RT), Radioscopy (RTR), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT).3.2 Def
23、initionsDefinitions of terms related to NDT ofaerospace composites which appear in Terminology E1316 andTerminology D3878 shall apply to the terms used in the guide.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 aerospaceany component that will be installed on asystem that flies.3.3.2 cogn
24、izant engineering organizationthe company,government agency, or other authority responsible for thedesign, or end use, of the system or component for which NDTis required. This, in addition to the design personnel, mayinclude personnel from engineering, materials and processengineering, stress analy
25、sis, NDT, or quality groups and other,as appropriate.3.3.3 composite materialsee Terminology D3878.3.3.4 composite componenta finished part containingcomposite material(s) that is in its end use applicationconfiguration, and which has undergone processing,fabrication, and assembly to the extent spec
26、ified by thedrawing, purchase order, or contract.3.3.5 disbondsee Terminology D3878.3.3.6 in-servicerefers to composite components that havecompleted initial fabrication and are in use (or in storage) fortheir intended function.3.3.7 microcrackinvisible cracks (15) aspect ratios.A digitized cross-se
27、ctional CT-density map(tomogram) of the articleunder test. Allows full,three dimensional CT-density maps to beobtained for sufficientlysmall composite parts.Tooling and/or part-handling fixtures may berequired.Leak Testing Any composite materialor component acrosswhich a differentialpressure exists
28、andwhere through-leakageor in-leakage of product,air, water vapor, or othercontaminant over theprojected service life areof concern.Less ambiguous thanliquid penetrant testing;more sensitive than AEor UT.Test equipment costsincrease as the requiredleak test sensitivityincreases.Qualitative indicatio
29、ns,for example bubbles, orquantitativemeasurements, forexample, detectordeflections, thatascertain the presenceor location, orconcentration or leakrate of a leaking fluid.Different techniques areavailable forcharacterization of largeleaks (with rates as highas 10-2Pa m3s-1(10-1std cm3s-1) and smalll
30、eaks (rates less than10-5Pa m3s-1(10-4stdcm3s-1).Radiography,Computed Radiography,Radiography with DigitalDetector Arrays,RadioscopyPrimarily detects sub-surface imperfections ordiscontinuities such asporosity & inclusions.Planar imperfections ordiscontinuities aredetected if the beam isdirected alo
31、ng theimperfection ordiscontinuity and theunsharpness is less thanthe imperfection ordiscontinuity opening/size.Film and some imagingplates can be cut andplaced almost anywhereon the part. Digitalimages can beprocessed for additionalinformation andautomated defectrecognition. Inradioscopy, technique
32、susing an imageintensifier and DDA canbe automated byinterfacing with a robotor part manipulator thusallowing the potential fora faster inspection.Requires access to bothsides of the article undertest. Accessibility mayneed to be evaluated.Unable to determinedepth of imperfections ordiscontinuities;
33、sometimes possible fromdigital images aftercalibration or withadditional X-rayexposures from differentdirections.Projected area anddensity variation ofsubsurface imperfectionsor discontinuities.Part may need to bemoved to an X-ray lab;Film RT requires filmstorage and disposal ofchemicals which can b
34、eexpensive. Digitaltechniques (CR, DDA)are usually faster.Radiation safety. Inradioscopy, radiationsafety more problematicif a moving source isused, versus movementof part.E2533 1714engineering drawing, specification, purchase order, or contractshall indicate the acceptance criteria.5.3.1 Accept/rej
35、ect criteria shall consist of a listing of theexpected kinds of imperfections and the rejection level foreach.5.3.2 The classification of the articles under test into zonesfor various accept/reject criteria shall be determined fromcontractual documents.5.3.3 Rejection of Composite ArticlesIf the typ
36、e, size, orquantities of defects are found to be outside the allowableTABLE 2 ContinuedNDT Method Applications Advantages LimitationsWhat Is Seenand Reported?Other ConsiderationsShearography Detects subsurfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities orchanges in modulus orout-of-plane deformation.Well suited
37、 for highspeed, automatedinspection in productionenvironments.Subsurface imperfectionor discontinuity must besufficiently large tocause measurablesurface deformationunder load. Surfacecondition, especiallyglossiness, can interferewith accurateshearographic detection,thus requiring the use ofsurface
38、dulling agents(exception: thermalshearography).An interference patterncreated by subtracting orsuperimposing images ofthe article under testtaken before and afterloading, thus revealinglocalized strainconcentrations.Additional equipment isrequired to determinesurface derivative slopechanges, and thu
39、s usesthe method as aquantitative tool.Strain Measurement Can be used to measurestatic and dynamictensile and compressivestrain, as well asshearing, Poisson,bending, and torsionalstrains.Relatively inexpensive,and less bulky and betterresolution thanextensometers (canachieve an overallaccuracy of be
40、tter than 0.10% strain).Individual strain gaugescannot be calibrated andare susceptible tounwanted noise andother sources of errorsuch as expansion orcontraction of the strain-gauge element, changein the resistivity, andhysteresis and creepcaused by imperfectbonding.The output of aresistance measuri
41、ngcircuit is expressed inmillivolts output per voltinput.Depending on desiredsensitivity, resistance todrift, insensitivity totemperature variations,or stability of installation,a variety of straingauges are available (forexample, semiconductorwafer sensors, metallicbonded strain gauges,thin-film an
42、d diffusedsemiconductor straingauges).Thermography Detects disbonds,delaminations, voids,pits, cracks, inclusions,and occlusions,especially in thin articlesunder test having lowthermal conductivity, lowreflectivity/high emissivitysurfaces, and inmaterials which dissipateenergy efficiently,Quick obse
43、rvation oflarge surfaces andidentification of regionsthat should be examinedmore carefully.Composites havetemperature limitsbeyond whichirreversible matrix andfiber damage can occur.Imperfection ordiscontinuity detectiondepends on orientationof an imperfection ordiscontinuity relative tothe directio
44、n of heatflow. In thicker materials,only qualitativeindications ofimperfections ordiscontinuities arepossible.The areal temperaturedistribution is measuredby mapping contours ofequal temperature(isotherms), thus yieldinga heat emission patternrelated to surface andsubsurface defects.Both contact (re
45、quiresapplication of a coating)and noncontact methods(relies on detection ofinfrared blackbodyradiation) are available.Thermography is eitherpassive or active, activethermography can befurther subdivided intopulse or lock-intechniques.Ultrasonic Testing Detects sub-surfaceimperfections ordiscontinui
46、ties. There aretwo primary techniques;pulse echo for one sidedinspections and throughtransmission for twosided inspections.Detects sub-surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities includingporosity, inclusions, anddelaminations.Requires a relatively flatand smooth surface.Material type can affectinspectab
47、ility.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded onamplitude images.Possible fluidentrapment; possiblefluid absorption intoporous materials such ascomposites. Numeroustechniques availableincluding longitudinal,shear or surface waves.Attenuation can becomparatively high inPMCs compared tome
48、tallic articles.Visual Testing Detects disruptions onsurfaces being viewed.Low cost. Detect surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities includingdelaminations, fiberbreakage, impactdamage.Requires direct line ofsight.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded oninspectiondocumentationsometimes
49、photographs.Can find imperfections ordiscontinuities on insidediameters if a centralconductor can beinserted and satisfactoryelectrical contact made.E2533 1715limits specified by the drawing, purchase order, or contract, thecomposite article shall be separated from acceptable articles,appropriately identified as discrepant, and submitted for mate-rial review by the cognizant engineering organization, anddispositioned as (1) acceptable as is, (2) subject to furtherrework or repair to make the materials or componentacceptable, or (3) scrapped when req
