1、Designation: E3070 16Standard Test Method forShear Thinning Index on Non-Newtonian Liquids Using aConcentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the determination of theshear thinning index of a shear-rate de
3、pendent (non-Newtonian) fluid using a cylindrical rotational viscometer. Avalue of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that thematerial is Newtonian in behavior. A value greater than unityindicates shear thinning behavior.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No ot
4、her units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
5、of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World
6、Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-ologyE1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical PropertiesE2975 Test Method for Calibration or Calibration Verifica-tion of Concentric Cyli
7、nder Rotational Viscometers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSpecific technical terms used in this stan-dard method are described in Terminologies E473 and E1142including Celsius, non-Newtonian, rheometery, viscosity, andviscometer.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 shear thinning,
8、na decrease in viscosity with in-creasing shear rate, followed by a gradual recovery when thestress or shear rate is reduced to zero.3.2.2 shear thinning index, nthe ratio of apparent viscos-ity at two rotational speeds or shear rates.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 For Newtonian fluids, viscosity is a
9、 linear function ofshear rate. Non-Newtonian fluids are those for which theviscosity changes as a function of shear rate. Many materials ofinterest are non-Newtonian in behavior.4.2 The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is measured atdifferent shear rates and the values compared as their ratio.This
10、 is known as the shear thinning index. For Newtonianfluids the shear thinning ratio is unity. For non-Newtonianfluids the shear thinning ratio increases with increasing non-Newtonian nature.4.3 The shear thinning index of non-Newtonian fluids isdetermined by the ratio of viscosity measurements made
11、at tworotational speeds, preferably a decade apart.5. Significance and Use5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studiedusing rheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosit
12、y atdiffering rotational speeds (or shear rates) using rotationalviscometers.5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estima-tion of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in qualityassessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, andresearch
13、.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotational ViscometerThe essential instrumentationrequired providing the minimum rotational viscometer analyti-cal capabilities include:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E37 on ThermalMeasurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.08 on
14、Rheol-ogy.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. DOI:10.1520/E3070-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
15、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin
16、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.16.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotationaldisplacement to the specimen at 5 or more rates of between 0.2r/min and 100 r/
17、min constant to within 61%.6.1.2 A force sensor to measure the torque developed by thespecimen to with 61%.6.1.3 A coupling shaft or other means to transmit therotational displacement from the motor to the rotational ele-ment.6.1.4 A spindle, geometry, tool, or rotational element to fixthe specimen
18、between the coupling shaft and a stationaryposition.6.1.5 A specimen container with the capacity to contain thetest specimen during testing.NOTE 1The size of the container used is determined by the size anddesign of the rotational element used. The container used may be specifiedby mutual agreement
19、among the parties involved. In the absence of otherinformation, a low form Griffin beaker of 600 mL capacity shall be used.6.1.6 A temperature sensor to provide an indication of thespecimen temperature over the range of 19C to 26C to within60.1C.NOTE 2Other temperature ranges may be used but shall b
20、e reported.6.1.7 A data collection device, to provide a means ofacquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculatedsignals, or both. The minimum output signals required forrotational viscosity are torque, rotational speed, temperature,and time.NOTE 3Manual acquiring, storing, and displaying of
21、 measured orcalculated signals is permitted.6.1.8 A stand, to support, level, and raise the drive motor,shaft, and spindle.6.1.9 Auxiliary instrumentation considered useful in con-ducting this test method includes:6.1.9.1 Data analysis capability to provide viscosity, stress,or other useful quantiti
22、es derived from measured signals.6.1.9.2 A level to indicate the vertical plumb of the drivemotor, shaft, and spindle.6.1.9.3 A guard to protect the spindle from mechanicaldamage.6.2 A temperature bath to provide a controlled isothermaltemperature environment for the specimen to within 60.01Cover th
23、e temperature range of 19C to 26C.NOTE 4Other temperatures may be used but shall be reported.7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus7.1 Perform any viscometer preparation or calibration pro-cedures described in the operations manual.7.2 If not previously performed, verify the calibration of thev
24、iscosity signal using Test Method E2975.8. Procedure8.1 Select a rotational viscometer and spindle suited to theviscosity range of the test material such that the spindleoperating at its maximum rotational speed results in a torquereading near full scale torque.8.2 Install the viscometer as describe
25、d in the operationsmanual.8.3 Pour a sufficient quantity of the test specimen into thecontainer to cover the immersed spindle to the level indicatedby the operations manual.8.4 Slowly immerse the spindle into the test specimen to thedepth recommended by the operations manual.8.5 Equilibrate the test
26、 specimen and container until itstemperature rate of change is less than 0.1C in 10 min.8.6 Start the viscometer motor at the 0.2 r/min. Increase thespeed until the torque reading is a minimum but greater than10 % full scale. Maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Record therotational speed and the torqu
27、e according to the operationsmanual.8.7 Without stopping the motor, increase the rotationalspeed by approximately 50 % and maintain this speed for 60 62 s. Record the rotational speed and torque.8.8 Repeat step 8.7 until the maximum readable torque (upto 100 % full scale) is achieved.8.9 Decrease th
28、e rotational speed by approximately 70 %and maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Record the rotationalspeed and the torque.NOTE 5The same rotational speeds shall be used when increasing anddecreasing speeds.8.10 Repeat step 8.9 until the torque reading falls below 15%.8.11 Using the rotational speed an
29、d torque data from steps8.6 to 8.10, prepare a display of rotational speed on the X-axisversus torque (or viscosity) on the Y-axis. A non-linear displayindicates the shear-rate dependency of the materials.8.12 Determine the shear thinning index from the torquevalues at any two rotational speeds usin
30、g Eq 1. Report thisvalue and the rotational speeds.NOTE 6Rotational speeds that differ by an order of magnitude arecommonly selected (for example, 2 and 20 r/min). The rotational speed forthe measurement of shear thinning index shall be selected by agreementamong the parties involved.9. Calculation9
31、.1 Shear thinning index (STI) is given by Eq 1:STI 5 lowerhigherat lowerand higher(1)where:STI = shear thinning index (dimensionless),lower= apparent viscosity at the lower rotational speed,higher= apparent viscosity at the higher rotational speed,lower= lower rotational speed, andhigher= higher rot
32、ational speed.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the test specimen.10.1.2 Complete identification of the rotational viscometerto including manufacturer, model, and spindle identification.10.1.3 Any conditioning procedure employed in preparationof the te
33、st specimen for testing.E3070 16210.1.4 Time elapsed between various operations in prepara-tion of the test specimen and between spindle immersion andthe start of the test.10.1.5 The shear thinning index at two different rotationspeeds. For example:STI2 and 20 r min! 5 80 mPa-s20 mPa-s 5 4 (2)10.1.6
34、 The temperature at which the measurement wasmade.10.1.7 The dated version of this test method used.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory study is planned between 2018 and2021 to establish within-laboratory repeatability, between-laboratory reproducibility, and bias.Anyone wishing to partici
35、-pate in this interlaboratory study may contact the ASTM E37Staff Manager at ASTM Headquarters.11.2 Precision:11.2.1 A limited repeatability study was performed in 2015using a single non-Newtonian fluid in a single laboratory. Theresults of this study is reported in a research report.3Therepeatabili
36、ty standard deviation of this intralaboratory studywas 1.4 %.11.2.2 Within laboratory variability may be described usingthe repeatability value (r) obtained by multiplying the standarddeviation by 2.8. The repeatability value estimates the 95 %confidence limit. That is, two values obtained in the sa
37、melaboratory, using the same apparatus, on the same specimen,closely spaced in time have a 95 % probability of being withinthe repeatability value of each other.11.3 Bias:11.3.1 Bias is the difference between the determined valueand that of the known value for a materials.11.3.2 There are no referen
38、ce materials of established shearthinning index known to the committee at this time. Bias of thismethod is therefore unknown.12. Keywords12.1 apparent viscosity; rotational viscometer; rotationalviscosity; shear thinning index; viscosityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of
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