1、Designation: F2701 08Standard Test Method forEvaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for ProtectiveClothing Upon Contact with a Hot Liquid Splash1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2701; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test method is for materials used to protect workers in the event of a hot l
3、iquid splash incident.The intent of this test method is to test materials or assemblies of materials that will prevent hot liquidfrom penetrating through the materials to avoid direct contact of the hot liquid with the heat sensorsused to simulate human tissue response. The test method determines wh
4、ether there is sufficient heattransmitted through the material or assemblies of materials to cause a second degree burn injury duringa controlled splash of hot liquid at a specified temperature. The test method utilizes similar equipmentand a similar test set-up to that of Test Method F955 for Molte
5、n Substances, but the temperatures ofthe hot liquid hazards are limited to a much lower level than the molten substances tested inaccordance with Test Method F955. The specimens of this test method are expected to remainimpermeable to the hot liquids during the test exposure.1. Scope1.1 This test me
6、thod is used to measure the heat energytransmission through materials used in protective clothing andgloves that are exposed to a Hot Liquid Splash. This testmethod is applicable to woven fabrics, knit fabrics, battings,and sheet structures with permeable or impermeable coatingsor laminations intend
7、ed for use as clothing or gloves forprotection against brief exposures to hot liquid splash hazards.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe theproperties of materials or assemblies of materials in response tohot liquids under controlled laboratory conditions.1.3 This test method is appl
8、icable to materials from whichfinished protective apparel articles are made.1.4 This test method is limited to the hot liquid temperaturesthat are 40C (72F) below the flash point of the specific hotliquid used for testing.NOTE 1Specific thermally stable silicone liquids are available withflash point
9、s in the range of 315C (599F). When these thermally stablesilicone liquids are used, a maximum hot liquid temperature of 260C(500F) is achievable. The intent of specifying the maximum temperatureat 40C (72F) below the liquid flash point is to reduce the hot liquid firehazard which increases signific
10、antly at temperatures equal to or above theflash point of the liquid.1.5 This test method does not measure the flammability ofmaterials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materialsexposed to any other thermal exposure other than hot liquidexposures.1.6 The values as stated in SI units are to
11、be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are given for informationonly.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
12、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE457 Test Method for Measuring Hea
13、t-Transfer Rate Usinga Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterF955 Test Method for Evaluating Heat Transfer throughMaterials for Protective Clothing Upon Contact withMolten Substances1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is t
14、he direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved April 15, 2008. Published May 2008. DOI: 10.1520/F2701-08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
15、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Conta
16、ct ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information1F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 break-opena material response evidenced by theformation of one or more holes in the material which mayallow thermal
17、energy to pass through the material.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn hot liquid testing of thermal protec-tive materials, a hole in one or more layers of the materialallows hot liquid to pass through the material and consequentlyallows thermal energy to pass through the material.3.1.2 charringthe formation of c
18、arbonaceous residue asthe result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.3 drippinga material response evidenced by flowingof a specimens material of composition.3.1.4 embrittlementthe formation of a brittle residue asthe result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.3.1.5 flash pointfor hot liquid
19、 testing, the lowest tempera-ture at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air nearthe surface of the liquid.3.1.5.1 DiscussionAn ignition source is required to ignitethe vapor and air mixture as the flash point, and the flame mayextinguish when the ignition source is removed.3.1.6 heat fl
20、uxthe thermal intensity indicated by theamount of energy transmitted divided by area and time, W/m2(cal/cm2s).3.1.7 human tissue burn tolerancein the testing of thermalprotective materials, the amount of thermal energy predicted tocause the onset of a second-degree burn in human tissue.3.1.8 liquid
21、breakthroughin hot liquid testing, observationof the presence of the liquid used in testing on the testspecimen surface adjacent to the sensor board surface.3.1.9 meltingin testing thermal protective materials, amaterial response evidenced by softening of the material.3.1.10 response to hot liquid p
22、ourin testing thermal pro-tective materials, the observed effect of hot liquid contact ontextile properties or deterioration of the material.3.1.11 shrinkagea decrease in one or more dimensions ofan object or material.3.1.12 thermal end pointin testing of thermal protectivematerials, the point in ti
23、me at which the copper slug calorim-eter sensor response (measured heat energy) intersects with apredicted skin burn injury model.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D123.3.3 for definitions of other protective clothing terms used inthis test meth
24、od, refer to Terminology F1494.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A material specimen is mounted on an incline and isexposed to a hot liquid pour of prescribed temperature, volume,pour rate, and height above the specimen.4.2 The amount of heat energy that is transmitted throughthe test specimen during and
25、 after the hot liquid exposure ismeasured using two copper slug calorimeters. The heat trans-ferred is assessed versus the Stoll burn injury curve, anapproximate human tissue tolerance predictive model thatprojects the onset of a second-degree skin burn injury asmanifested by a blister (See 12.2).4.
26、3 A specific set of subjective evaluations is performed onthe test specimen response to the hot liquid exposure using astandardized rating scale for appraisal (found in Fig. X1.1).5. Significance and Use5.1 Workers in some industries are exposed to hot liquidsplash hazards. The protective clothing u
27、sed needs to providea degree of protection. Whether personal injury results fromsuch hazards depends on the resistance of the material fromwhich the protective clothing is made to hot liquids and theamount of heat transferred through the material to the wearer.5.2 This test method rates materials th
28、at are intended forprotective clothing used against potential exposures to a hotliquid splash, for their impermeability to the hot liquid, fortheir thermal insulating properties, and for their reaction to thehot liquid test exposure.5.3 The protective performance, as determined by this testmethod, w
29、ill relate to the actual end-use performance only tothe degree that the end-use exposure is identical to theexposure used in the test method.5.4 Visual inspection of the specimen subjectively notes thematerials response to hot liquid exposure.6. Apparatus6.1 The test apparatus consists of the follow
30、ing compo-nents:6.1.1 An inclined specimen mounting and exposure boardwith two copper slug calorimeters and supports,6.1.2 A funnel held in a fixed position above the specimenmounting and exposure board which controls the flow rate ofthe hot liquid and the location at which the hot liquid flowcontac
31、ts the surface of the specimen on the mounting andexposure board,6.1.3 Acatch pan which collects the hot liquid as if flows offthe bottom of the specimen surface while the specimen is onthe mounting and exposure board,6.1.4 A container in which the hot liquid is heated and fromwhich the hot liquid i
32、s poured into the funnel,6.1.5 The mounting and exposure board, funnel, catch pan,and heating and pouring container shall be suitable for the hotliquid being poured and for exposure to temperatures up to atleast 28C (50F) above the pouring temperature.6.1.6 A hot plate for heating the liquid to the
33、desiredexposure temperature,6.1.7 A ventilated hood in which to heat and pour the hotliquid, and6.1.8 Instruments and data collection devices for measuringtest exposure conditions and the temperature rise of the coppercalorimeters.6.2 Sensor Construction6.2.1 The two sensors each consist of a 40 6 0
34、.5 mmdiameter circular copper slug calorimeter constructed fromelectrical grade copper with a mass of 18 6 0.05 grams (priorF2701 082to drilling) with a single Iron-Constantan (ANSI type J) or asingle Nickel-Chromium-Nickel-Aluminum (ANSI type K)thermocouple wire bead (0.254 mm wire diameter or fine
35、r equivalent to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.2.4 andshown in Fig. 1 (see Test Method E457 for informationregarding slug calorimeters).6.2.2 The sensors are affixed into the respective recess of theholding board specified in 6.3 below.NOTE 2Inserting three straight pins, trimmed to a nominal
36、length of5 mm, equidistant around the edge of the sensor so that the heads of thepins hold the sensor flush to the surface has been found suitable to affix thesensors to the board.6.2.3 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calorim-eters with a thin coating of a flat black high temperature sp
37、raypaint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater. The painted sensormust be dried and cured, according to the manufacturersinstructions, before use and present a uniformly applied coat-ing (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities). In theabsence of manufacturers instructions, an external heat
38、 source,for example, an external heat lamp, shall be used to completelydrive off any remaining organic carriers in a freshly paintedsurface before use.6.2.4 The thermocouple wire is installed in the calorimeteras shown in Fig. 1.6.2.4.1 The thermocouple wire shall be bonded to thecopper disk either
39、mechanically or by using high melting point(HMP) solder.(1) A mechanical bond shall be produced by mechanicallydeforming the copper disk material (utilizing a copper fillingslug as shown in Fig. 5) around the thermocouple bead.(2) A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitableHMP solder with a
40、melting temperature 280C.NOTE 3HMP solders consisting of 5%Sb-95 %Pb (307 C meltingpoint) and 5 %Sb-93.5 %Pb-1.5 %Ag (300C melting point) have beenfound to be suitable. The 280C temperature minimum identified abovecorresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would beexperienced with an
41、17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m2heat flux to aprepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of 12.57 cm2and a massof 18.0 g. A careful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold” solderjoints (where the solder has not formed a suitable bond of the thermo-couple to the copper disk).6.3 Specime
42、n/Sensor Board6.3.1 The specimen/sensor board shall be 254 by 406 mm(10 by 16 in.) and fabricated of a non-conductive, liquid andheat resistant material with a thermal conductivity value of0.15 W/m K, high temperature stability, and resistance tothermal shock. The board shall be nominally 13 mm (0.5
43、 in.) orgreater in thickness.NOTE 4Liquids that permeate into the specimen/sensor board canaffect the performance of the copper calorimeters and the measurement ofa specimens protective qualities. Consider the use of different boardmaterials for different test liquids.6.3.2 The copper slug calorimet
44、ers shall be located in thecenterline of the sensor board and mounted as shown in Fig. 1.The calorimeters shall be located 102 mm and 204 mm (4 in.and 8 in.) respectively, from the top of the board to thecalorimeter centers as indicated in Fig. 2.6.3.3 An attachment method shall be provided that aff
45、ixesthe test specimen to the board such that it covers both sensorsand extends at least 50 mm (2 in.) beyond all edges.6.3.4 The sensor board shall be inclined at an angle of 45from horizontal.6.3.5 The sensor board shall be located so that it meets thepour geometry illustrated in Fig. 2, where the
46、hot liquid isintroduced at the centerline of the board directly onto the areaof the specimen corresponding to the center of the uppersensor.6.4 FunnelThe funnel cone top opening shall have adiameter of at least 203 mm (8 in.), the funnel cone shall haveNOTE 1Sensor Construction (using mechanical con
47、nection of thermocouple wire)Place a straight, bare tip thermocouple wire into the hole locatedin the center of the copper disk. Place a short “copper plug” into the center hole with the thermocouple junction by clipping a section of bare copper wireof appropriate diameter that, when combined with t
48、he thermocouple wire, will just fit into the center hole. Use a center punch to mechanically wedgethe wire bundle into place. Peen around the hole to further secure the thermocouple into the copper disk. Take care not to cut the thermocouple wire duringthis assembly process. Check the electrical con
49、tinuity and thermal response prior to using the completed copper slug calorimeter.FIG. 1 Sensor Calorimeter ConstructionF2701 083a height of at least 135 mm and the funnel cone shall be of asufficient size to hold 1 liter of hot liquid, the funnel bottomcone or spout opening shall be 12 6 1 mm) (0.49 6 0.04 in.),and the funnel shall include a means to control the hot liquidflow rate such as a designated size orifice through which thehot liquid flows as it passes through the funnel. The funnelshall be supported in the test
