1、Designation: F2852 17Standard Practice forTraining a Land Search Tracker1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2852; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, includingknowledge, skills, and abilities, required for personnel operat-ing as Trackers in support of a land se
3、arch effort.1.2 ATracker Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicatethat an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities toperform any specific duties, including search and rescueoperations, beyond those defined within this guide.1.3 A Tracker tracks on the surface of the land only,includi
4、ng urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or havelost supporting infrastructure.1.4 This guide does not provide the minimum trainingrequirements for tracking in partially or fully collapsedstructures, in water, in confined spaces, or underground (suchas in caves, mines, and tunnels).1.5 Human
5、land SAR resources that may utilize personneltrained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.1.5.1 Individuals trained to this guide are qualified tooperate on teams or crews classified as Category Land Searchof Kind Tracking.1.5.2 Further training may be required before TrackingLand Se
6、arch personnel may participate on particular Categoryor Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs,regulations, or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction(AHJ).1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof
7、the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on
8、 Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land Search (Withdrawn2017)3F1767 Guide for Forms Used for
9、 Search and RescueF1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Land Search andRescue ResourcesF3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book(PTB)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This S
10、tandard:3.1.1 bruising, nfootfall damage to vegetation, usuallyindicated by color variation contrasting with surrounding areaof same vegetation.3.1.2 flattening, na part of the surface of the groundcompressed in a manner consistent with that of a humanfootfall. A compressed area may include loose de
11、bris, vegeta-tion living and dead, and surface moisture.3.1.3 disturbance, nany disturbance of the natural state ofground surface, including leaf litter, loose debris, duff, dis-lodged or embedded objects probably caused by footfallmovement.3.1.4 flagging, nvegetation turned in a direction of travel
12、.3.1.5 scuff, na mark caused by footfalls contacting firmground indicating movement in a determinable direction oftravel.3.1.6 shine, nlight reflected from within the human foot-fall damage.3.1.7 sign cutting, vthe systematic and regimented proce-dure used to locate and identify the physical evidenc
13、e of thepassage of a specific person or persons.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,Training and Education.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapp
14、roved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2852-10. DOI:10.1520/F2852-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
15、ry page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally
16、 recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.8 step by step method, na process of identifyingcontig
17、uous tracks, sign, or both in succession, and acknowl-edging each one as first described by Albert Taylor, UnitedStates Border Patrol.3.1.9 step interval, nnormal walking distance betweenfootfalls measuring between a toe dig and a heel strike.3.1.10 tracking or track, vthe systematic and methodicali
18、dentification of physical evidence which thereby allows one tofollow a specific person or persons.3.1.11 transfer, nany substance inadvertently collected byfootgear in a footfall and deposited by succeeding footfalls.3.1.12 unnatural marks, nstraight lines, curves, parallellines, or marks not relate
19、d to the natural world.3.1.13 weeping, nthe natural exudation of vegetation flu-ids resulting from footfall damage.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide seeGuide F1633, Terminology F1773, Classification F1993, andother references within.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establish
20、es the minimum knowledge, skills,and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Tracker.No other skills are included or implied.4.2 Every person who is identified as a Tracker shall havemet the requirements of this guide.4.2.1 Nothing in this guide precludes the AHJ from addingadditional requ
21、irements for its personnel.4.3 Training to this guide is not an indication that a personpossesses adequate field skills or knowledge to make missioncritical decisions.4.4 Though this guide establishes a basic training standard,it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,”or other
22、similar team member designation of an organization.4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for aTracker is the responsibility of the AHJ.4.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used withthe referenced documents to provide the specific informationneeded by a Tracker or AHJ.4.6 T
23、his guide by itself is not a training document. It is anoutline of the topics required for training or evaluating Trackerendorsed personnel.4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or otherdocument to determine if its content includes the informationrequired for training a Tracker. Likewise, th
24、is guide may beused to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meetsthe requirements of this guide.4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guideare not presented in any particular order and do not representa training sequence.4.9 ATracker shall document his or her trainin
25、g, as directedby the AHJ, which might include the completion of a positiontask book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demon-stration under qualified supervision.4.9.1 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in askill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then asoften
26、as required by the AHJ.4.9.2 Except where a physical skill or ability must bedemonstrated, theAHJ shall determine the best way to evaluatea persons knowledge. This may be by written exam, oralexam, field demonstration, or by some combination of thethree.5. General Knowledge and Skills5.1 To be endor
27、sed as a Tracker, a Land Search TeamMember must complete the National Incident ManagementSystem (NIMS) course IS-200, “ICS-200: ICS for SingleResources and Initial Action Incidents.”6. Equipment6.1 A Tracker shall carry, as a minimum, the PPE forpersonal safety suitable for the normal area of operat
28、ions.6.2 A Tracker shall carry the equipment required for track-ing in the field.Alist of recommended equipment can be foundin Appendix X1.6.3 A Tracker shall be able to explain the reasons to carry,and demonstrate the use of all tracking equipment required bythe AHJ.7. Specific Knowledge and Skills
29、 for Tracking7.1 A Tracker shall explain the significance, as it relates tothe mission, of the following:7.1.1 How track evidence supports initial information re-garding the search subject;7.1.2 How establishing the direction of travel affects searchefforts;7.1.3 How trackers can limit a search area
30、.7.2 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to identify anddescribe a track as follows:7.2.1 Measuring the overall length, width of sole, width ofheel, length of heel, or if no heel is present, some other visiblefeature;7.2.2 Determining the type, shape, and condition of thefootgear being worn;7.2.
31、3 Drawing a picture of a track including all uniquemarks and designs.7.3 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to set up atracking stick as follows:7.3.1 Placing point of stick on the heel strike of the nextprint, mark stick over the existing toe dig, and place a secondmark over the existing heel
32、strike.7.3.2 The distance between the point of the stick at the nextheel strike and the existing toe dig is referred to as the stepinterval.7.4 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to use a trackingstick to find the next track when using the Step-by-Step methodas follows:7.4.1 Place observed trac
33、k between the markings;7.4.2 Pivot the point of the stick left and right in asixty-degree arc;F2852 1727.4.3 Focus your eyes in the prime sign area, at the end ofthe stick, for the next track;7.4.4 Locate track evidence;7.4.5 Mark track by placing an indicator behind the heelstrike;7.4.6 Move on to
34、next track;7.4.7 Show the trend of the direction of travel by occasion-ally placing visible indicators above ground level.7.5 ATracker shall demonstrate the ability to utilize the sunor another light source to reveal sign using the following:7.5.1 A mirror;7.5.2 A handheld light that provides illumi
35、nation, but doesnot contribute to eye fatigue.7.6 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to recognize,identify, and describe the following types of sign under actualconditions, and be able to articulate how the sign is related tothe track:7.6.1 Bruising;7.6.2 Flattening;7.6.3 Disturbance;7.6.4 Flag
36、ging;7.6.5 Scuff or scrape;7.6.6 Shine;7.6.7 Transfer;7.6.8 Unnatural marks;7.6.9 Weeping.7.7 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to observe andexplain simple sign aging characteristics and estimate the timeelapsed since the sign was left.7.7.1 A Tracker shall include factors of vegetation damag
37、e,rain, sun, and other natural effects.7.8 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to recognize andexplain footprint characteristics related to the manner andmovements of the sign maker.7.9 A Tracker shall demonstrate the ability to function inany position in a recommended three-person tracking team
38、 asfollows:7.9.1 Point Person, using a tracking stick to follow trackevidence.7.9.2 Right or Left Flanker, one step behind the pointperson, each of whom assists the point person from a differentperspective and also watches for approaching sign on eitherside.7.9.3 A tracker shall identify the rationa
39、le for frequentrotation among the positions, including issues of back strain,eye strain, and focused attention cognitive fatigue.7.10 ATracker shall explain the concept and significance of“sign cutting,” including the following:7.10.1 How natural and man-made barriers help locatehuman sign;7.10.2 Ho
40、w multiple search or tracking teams can be used toadvance a specific sign line in an organized and regimentedmanner;7.10.3 How a Tracker can advance to another location todetect sign or tracks based on the probable movements of thesearch subject.7.11 A Tracker shall be able to complete written docum
41、entsrequired by the AHJ to document a trackers efforts andprovide other trackers with a summary of the relevant infor-mation. Appendix X2 provides an example of the documenta-tion that a Tracker is expected to complete.8. Keywords8.1 search; trackAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EQUIPMENT REC
42、OMMENDED FOR TRACKINGX1.1 Clothing appropriate to conditions;X1.2 Abroad-brimmed hat for protection, shade, and reduc-ing glare;X1.3 Tracking stick, about 42 in., with two rubber bands orO rings;X1.4 Measuring device (small tape measure that locksopen);X1.5 Small notebook (rain-proof recommended);X1
43、.6 Tracking cards (rain-proof recommended);X1.7 Writing instrument (rain-proof recommended);X1.8 Flagging material (biodegradable recommended) orscraps of toilet paper;X1.9 Pins, powder, or other track identification material;F2852 173X1.10 Handheld light that provides illumination, but doesnot cont
44、ribute to eye fatigue;X1.11 Mirror (3 by 5 in. recommended);X1.12 Compass, to establish a direction of travel.X2. DOCUMENTATION OUTLINE4X2.1 Heading SectionX2.1.1 Report writers name, address, telephone number,and email address;X2.1.2 Date and time report is written;X2.1.3 Incident, mission name, or
45、 reference number;X2.1.4 Date and time of incident;X2.1.5 Incident subject name or names.X2.2 Preliminary Information SectionX2.2.1 Report who made the call that initiated yourresponse, including name, position, and contact telephonenumber;X2.2.2 Brief narrative of information that generated the cal
46、lout, including dates, places, and times;X2.2.3 Description of incident given;X2.2.4 Where and when you are requested to meet, and withwhom;X2.2.5 Why they are requesting your assistance, and yourobjective as a Tracker resource;X2.2.6 Any other preliminary contributing information.X2.3 Incident Arri
47、val SectionX2.3.1 Time, date, and location of your arrival;X2.3.2 To whom you reported upon arrival;X2.3.3 Confirm preliminary information for call out;X2.3.4 Additional information, provided at the scene, andby whom, to ensure you are fully informed and understand allavailable facts of the incident
48、;X2.3.5 Witness names and/or statements;X2.3.6 Weather, soil type, and other factors affecting track-ing;X2.3.7 Your objectives;X2.3.8 Description of all sign evidence relative to thisincident.X2.4 Narrative Description of Actions Taken and Deci-sions MadeX2.4.1 Actions taken should correspond to pr
49、eviously in-cluded information;X2.4.2 List tracking definitions;X2.4.3 Provide complete description of sign evidence, usingterms and references related to tracking factors;X2.4.4 Does physical evidence found support informationprovided;X2.4.5 Was PLS or LKP located;X2.4.6 Direction of travel, if determined, including expla-nation of determining factors;X2.4.7 Times, places, descriptions, who saw, who did,where it happened, why, conclusions based on what you andfellow team members saw and did;X2.4.8 List actions, locations, team member, or assignmen
