1、Designation: F875 09Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Large Area Density and Background on OfficeCopiers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F875; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the description and method ofuse for a density and background test target for office copierimage e
3、valuation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For
4、specificprecautionary statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryF335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF360 Practice for Image Evaluation of Electrostatic BusinessCopies2.2 A
5、NSI Standards:PH 2.17 Density measurementsGeometric conditions forreflection density3PH 2.18 Density measurementsSpectral conditions33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology F335.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The standard test target is used
6、to evaluate copy densityand background. The method of image evaluation using thistest target is given.5. Significance and Use5.1 The copy image quality is affected by many factors;including the copier, supplies, and environmental conditions.The density and background image quality is particularlysig
7、nificant relative to aesthetic appearance, the visual impres-sion of blackness, and the ability to distinguish informationfrom background.5.2 The test target may also be used to evaluate the copier orsupplies.6. Apparatus6.1 Reflection Densitometer, meeting the requirements ofANSI PH 1.17 and PH 1.1
8、8, capable of measuring the smallestsolid circle (of the test target) which has a diameter of 6 mm.6.2 Reflectometer, meeting the requirements of Test MethodE1347.7. Materials7.1 Test Target, for the evaluation of density and back-ground image quality. It shall have the same configuration andlayout
9、as shown in Fig. 1.8. Precautions8.1 This test target can be used to measure density andbackground for different copier conditions (machineadjustment, machine configuration, supplies, environment,etc.). Careful notation of these conditions should be made sothat comparison tests can be made.8.2 The c
10、olor and type of copy paper used will affect thedensity and background measurements.8.3 The method of fixing (fusing) of the image on the copymay affect the degree of gloss and may affect the differencebetween the perceived density and measured reflective density.9. Procedure9.1 Using the test targe
11、t in 7.1, establish a procedure(Practice F360) for producing copies in a controlled manner.Evaluate the copy system at the site of its proposed installationunder the line voltage conditions which normally apply. Read,understand, and follow the manufacturers instructions onoperation of the copier.1Th
12、is test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved
13、 in 2009 as F875 94(2009). DOI:10.1520/F0875-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fr
14、om American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new ve
15、rsion or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information19.1.1 Load supplies into the copier. Follow manufacturersdirections for adjustments of various controls.9.1.2 Turn on the copier.9.1.3 Set exposure control, if one is provided, to either endof the exposure range.
16、9.1.4 Using test target, make a copy. Note exposure setting,if copier has an exposure control, and date on copy, as well asinformation concerning temperature and relative humidity.9.1.5 Vary exposure control, if one is provided, and makecopies at various settings. Note setting, date, temperature and
17、relative humidity on each copy. If an exposure control isprovided, it must always be varied from the same direction.9.1.6 Visually determine optimum setting of any controls,that is the one yielding the best copy, in your opinion.9.1.7 At the optimum setting, make the number of copiesthat would const
18、itute a normal length of run. This will allowcomparison of copy uniformity. The test target should beplaced or fed into the copier in the same orientation each timeand the optimum exposure setting must be set from the samedirection on the exposure control device, should one beavailable.9.1.8 At the
19、optimum setting, reverse the orientation of thetest original placed or fed into the copier and make a copy. Thiscan then be compared to previous copies to determine possibleoriginal orientation variations.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Reflection Density Measurements:10.1.1 CalibrationDensitomete
20、r shall be calibrated bymanufacturers procedures.10.1.2 Density MeasurementsA minimum of three densitymeasurements shall be made on the imaged copies of the testtarget. The smallest circle in each of three arrays shall bemeasured and an average value shall be used. The measure-ment should be made at
21、 the center of each circle and anyobvious imperfections avoided. Additional measurements onthe larger circles may be used and equivalent circles averaged.Higher density in the larger circles indicates better solid areafill-in.NOTE 1Densitometers are available in a variety of apertures. Theideal aper
22、ture is approximately one half the diameter of the smallest circle.If the instrument is equipped with a smaller aperture, a sufficient numberof readings must be taken to ensure a valid value.10.2 Background Percent Reflectance Measurements:10.2.1 CalibrationReflectometer shall be calibrated bymanufa
23、cturers procedures.10.2.2 Background reflectance measurements shall be ob-tained by measuring the reflectance in each of the threeenclosed white circular areas on the imaged copy of the testtarget. The average of at least three values shall be used. Ifsignificant variation in the values is noted, th
24、e number ofmeasurements should be increased.10.2.3 The background reflectance change due to the copiercan be determined by calculating the difference between thevalue obtained in 10.2.2 and the average of the three valuesobtained using blank copy paper. The process may affect thesurface characterist
25、ics of the paper and therefore the reflec-tance reading.10.2.4 Comparison of background reflectance is difficultwhen different copy papers are used since the untoned paperreflectance may vary. A comparison may be made if thereflectance value for each paper determined from the back-ground areas is su
26、btracted from the reflectance value obtainedfor each paper before the copy is made. This calculated valuefor each paper can be used to compare the overall backgroundwhen different papers are used. A higher calculated reflectancedifference indicates higher overall background.10.2.5 This measurement i
27、s useful to determine the overalluniform background and can not be used to determine isolatedlocalized particles in the nonprinted areas.10.3 Higher reflectivity indicates lower background andcleaner copy.11. Precision and Bias411.1 Precision:11.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo test results obtained by the same
28、operator and test apparatus under essentially the same condi-tions may be expected 95 % of the time to agree with eachother to within 3 % of the average of the test results.11.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo test results obtained in differ-ent laboratories for the same sample of material may beexpected 95 %
29、of the time within 6 % of the average of the twotest samples.11.2 BiasThere is no acceptable reference material suit-able for determining the bias, therefore bias cannot be deter-mined.12. Keywords12.1 copier background; copier image density; image qual-ity4Supporting data are available at ASTM Head
30、quarters. Request RR:F05-1001.FIG. 1 Configuration and Layout of Test TargetF875 092ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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