1、Designation: D2983 17Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic TransmissionFluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a RotationalViscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscom-eters with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle forthe determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatictransmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and somelubricants. This test method covers the v
4、iscosity range of300 mPas to 900 000 mPas1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by BrookfieldViscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results haveoften been referred to as “Brookfield2Viscosity” which impliesa viscosity determined by th
5、is method.1.3 This test method contains three procedures: ProcedureAis used when only an air bath is used to cool samples inpreparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is usedwhen a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath isused to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurem
6、ent.Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constanttemperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of asimulated air cell (SimAir)3Cell in preparation for viscositymeasurement.1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precisiondata for this test method was from 300 mPas
7、to 170 000 mPasat test temperatures from 12 C to 40 C. The ILS alsoincluded viscosities greater than 500 000 mPas and tempera-tures down to 55 C and are included in Appendix X5.Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifi-cally targeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500 mPas to1700 mP
8、as.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second(mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.6 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies
9、 as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MS
10、DS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
11、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized p
12、rinciples on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D341 Practice for Viscosity-
13、Temperature Charts for LiquidPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and Lubricants1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on F
14、low Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2983 16. DOI:10.1520/D2983-17.2Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEKBrookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http
15、:/.3SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI48642, http:/.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
16、ary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized princi
17、ples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Viscosity/Temperature
18、Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueD7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum ImmersionDepth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measure-ment DriftE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Ther-mome
19、tersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:5ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nthe determined viscosity ob-tained by use of this test method. D41753.1.1.1 DiscussionApp
20、arent viscosity may vary with thespindle speed (shear rate) of a rotational viscometer if the fluidis non-Newtonian. See Appendix X1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronicdevice consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-ture sensing probe.3.1.2.1
21、 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperaturesensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrumentmeasures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,computes the temperature from the measured quantity, andprovides a digital output. This digital output goes to a digitaldisplay and/or
22、recording device that may be internal or externalto the device. These devices are referred to as a “digitalthermometer.”3.1.2.2 DiscussionPET is an acronym for portable elec-tronic thermometers, a subset of digital contact thermometers(DCT).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bl
23、ank sample, na Newtonian standard referencefluid used to monitor the temperature experienced by thesample in the cold-air cabinet by inserting a thermometricdevice while placed in the center of the turntable; this fluidshall have a viscosity as low as possible and be changed on aregular basis.3.2.2
24、final test temperature, nfor the programmable liquidbath is the test temperature at which the liquid bath will be heldfor the rest of the 16 h after the cooling profile is completed.3.2.3 intermediate setpoints, nfor the programmable liq-uid bath are the series of setpoints the bath is taken through
25、while the cooling profile is executing. This cooling profilecalculated from A2.2 is automatically executed by the soft-ware.3.2.4 Procedure AThis test protocol utilizes an air bath forthe cooling portion of the test and then requires moving the testcells to either a constant liquid bath or balsa blo
26、cks during theviscosity analysis.3.2.5 Procedure BThis test protocol utilizes a program-mable liquid bath to cool the samples at a pre-determined rateand then the viscosity analysis is performed in the same bath.3.2.6 Procedure CThis test protocol utilizes a constantliquid bath and Sim-Air cells, wh
27、ich allow the samples to coolat the same rate as the air bath, and be tested within the sameconstant liquid bath.3.2.7 reference viscosity, nviscosity of a Newtonian stan-dard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specifiedtemperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard refer-enc
28、e fluids are listed in Appendix X2.3.2.8 starting temperature, nfor the programmable liquidbath is the temperature of the liquid bath at which the samplesare loaded into the turn table. This is calculated from A2.2 atzero time. The software provided with the programmableliquid bath automatically cal
29、culates this value.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An oleaginous fluid sample is preheated, allowed tostabilize at room temperature, and then poured to a predeter-mined depth into a glass cell, and an insulated or uninsulatedspindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended bya clip.An altern
30、ative sample preparation is to fill a glass cell orstator to the predetermined depth with the oleaginous fluid, aninsulated or uninsulated spindle is inserted through a specialstopper and suspended by a clip; then this entire sampleassembly is preheated and allowed to come to room tempera-ture. A re
31、ference fluid with a known viscosity value is alsoprepared. The contained sample is cooled to a predeterminedtemperature for 16 h and analyzed by a rotational viscometerand, depending on the viscometer model used, the viscosity ofthe test fluid is read directly from the viscometer or theresultant to
32、rque reading is used to calculate the viscosity of theoil at the temperature chosen. The reference fluid is used toverify the test temperature for accuracy purposes.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of auto-matic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tract
33、or fluids,and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see AppendixX4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation ofmany mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometricproperties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is oftenused to specify their acceptance for service. This t
34、est method isused in a number of specifications.5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determinewhether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meetOEM low temperature performance criterion originally definedusing a particular model viscometer.6The viscosity rangecovered in the original
35、 ATF performance correlation studieswas from less than 1000 mPas to more than 60 000 mPas. Thesuccess of theATF correlation and the development of this test5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Selby, T. W., “A
36、utomatic Transmission Fluid Viscosity at Low-Temperaturesand Its Effect on Transmission Performance,” Transactions, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Vol. 68, 1960, pp. 457-465.D2983 172method has over time been applied to other fluids andlubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.5.
37、3 This test method describes how to measure apparentviscosity directly without the errors associated with earliertechniques using extrapolation of experimental viscometricdata obtained at higher temperatures.NOTE 1Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpo-lation or extrapolation of
38、 oils may be subject to errors caused by gelationand other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotational Viscometer7A rotational viscometer with amaximum torque between 0.0670 mNm and 0.0680 mNmand capable of sensing a change in torque of less than0.00067 mNm
39、. It shall acquire torque data at a rate of at least60 times per revolution and have a selection of spindle speedsconsisting of at least 0.6 rmin, 1.5 rmin, 3.0 rmin, 6.0 rmin,12.0 rmin, 30.0 rmin, and 60.0 rmin. Additional spindlespeeds of 0.3 rmin and 120 rmin are desirable. The viscom-eter is to
40、be calibrated at least yearly.6.2 Viscometer SpindleSpindles conforming to the follow-ing dimensions (Fig. 1): A 115 mm, B 3.15 mm, C =3.15 mm 6 0.03 mm, D = 31.1 mm 6 0.1 mm and made fromstainless steel or a composite material that has a lower thermalconductivity. The narrow middle segment shall be
41、 9.5 mm inlength and 1.8 mm in diameter. In the center of the middlesegment will be a narrow band that is centered in this segmentand 35.6 mm 6 0.5 mm from the bottom of the spindle. Theinsulated spindle shown in Fig. 1 shall have a gap of 4 mm inthe upper segment, which is covered by a material wit
42、h poorthermal conduction and pinned to both the upper and lowerportions of the upper segment. The gap is to be placed atapproximately the mid-point of upper segment. A Brookfield(trademarked) #4B2 conforms to these requirements. TheTannas No. 4 composite spindles8must be used in ProcedureC. Uninsula
43、ted steel spindles (No. 4) shall only be used withthe Air Bath Method (Procedure A).6.2.1 When using an insulated steel spindle, such as Brook-field No. 4B2 spindle, ensure that both steel ends are firmlyconnected to the insulating section.When a slight twist is givento the two metal sections on eit
44、her side of the insulatingcylinder, they should not move relative to each other.6.2.2 Periodically (depending on use, but at least every3 months) inspect spindles for run-out (wobble) when attachedto the viscometer. The total run-out of the spindle shall notexceed 1 mm (0 mm 6 0.5 mm).NOTE 2It is go
45、od laboratory practice to store spindles in a protectivemanner. Do not leave composite spindles for extended periods in cleaningsolvent.6.3 Test StatorA glass tube of sufficient diameter to haveessentially no influence on the rotation of the spindle comparedto the viscous drag of the test fluid even
46、 at viscosities above100 000 mPas.6.3.1 Test Tube Stator(See Fig. 2.) A commercially stan-dard test tube of approximately 25 mm ID and 115 mm inlength, with a fill line indicating approximately 30 mL.NOTE 3Over time, the fill line may become difficult to see. For liquidbaths, this is especially impo
47、rtant, as it ensures that the stator is filled toa point where the spindle can be properly positioned and have the samplelevel below the fluid level of the bath.7The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is BrookfieldAMETEK, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http:/. If you
48、 are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.8The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this
49、 timeis Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI, http:/.If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 D2983 Spindles FIG. 2 Diagram of Two Forms of StatorsD2983 1736.3.2 SimAir Stator8(See Fig. 2.) The stator p
