1、Designation: D7478/D7478M 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forHeavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7478/D7478M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers require
3、ments for two types andtwo classes of sheathed crates each of which may have twobase styles. The crates are designed for net loads not exceeding30 000 pounds lb 13 607 kg and to withstand the most severeoverseas shipping and storage conditions.1.2 The crates described by this specification are inten
4、ded toprotect items from atmospheric elements during shipment andstorage. They are designed to withstand the rough handling oflogistic operations including stacking and outside storage for aprolonged period.1.3 Class 1 and 2 crates may be used interchangeably asdesired. However, the Class 2 crate sh
5、ould be used whenweight is a prime consideration, as the lack of diagonals andthinner plywood sheathing results in a lighter crate.1.4 Demountable crates, Type II, should be used wheneverit is expected that the contained item will require reshipping toanother destination.1.5 Sill bases, Style B, are
6、 intended for items that projectbelow their mounting points, such as disassembled vehicles.1.6 If the use of other construction method or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.10), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equal or better performance than wouldresult from the use of these sp
7、ecified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D4169can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be
8、 exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion ofunits.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
9、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles
10、 on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Dis
11、tribution Environ-mentsD3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Ma-t
12、erials1D6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Containersand PalletsD6253 Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of WoodPackaging MaterialsF1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, andStaplesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of International Systemof Units (SI): The Modern Metric
13、System2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Standards:PS 1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural Plywood3PS 20 American Softwood Lumber Standard41This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12
14、 on ShippingContainers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7478/D7478M 11.DOI: 10.1520/D7478_D7478M-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from APA, The Engineered Wood Association, 7011 South 19th St.,Tacoma, WA 984665399, http:/www.a
16、pawood.org.4Available from American Lumber Standards Committee, Inc., (ALSC), P.O.Box 210, Germantown, MD 208750210, http:/www.alsc.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accord
17、ance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer A
18、ssociation Standard:5ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004 American National Standard forHardwood and Decorative Plywood2.4 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Stan-dard:6NHLA Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hard-wood and Cypress2.5 ASME Standards:7ASME B18.2.1-2010 Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Ask
19、ewHead Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, LobedHead, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.2-2010 Nuts for General Applications: Ma-chine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Cou-pling Nuts (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.3.8M - 1981 Metric Hex Lag ScrewsASME B18.2.4.3M-1979 Metric Slotted Hex NutsA
20、SME B18.5-2008 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)ASME B18.5.2.2M-1982 Metric Round head Square NeckBoltsASME B18.22M-1981 Metric Plain WashersASME B18.21.1-2009 Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, ToothLock, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)2.6 International Standard:8ISPM 15 International Standards for Phytosa
21、nitary MeasuresPublication No. 15 (ISPM 15), Regulation of WoodPackaging Material in International Trade3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 The crate compo
22、nent parts discussed herein wereselected on the basis of part function. Alternate names aresometimes used by industry.3.2.2 diagonalsdiagonals are frame members positionedbetween parallel frame members and placed at nearly 45angles to them. Diagonals serve as braces and ensure rigidity inthe crate.3
23、.2.3 end frame membersend frame members are similarto side frame members but perpendicular to the long dimen-sion.3.2.4 filler stripsfiller strips are boards placed across theends of thin, non-load-bearing floorboards, which serve to fillthe space below the lower frame member of the crate sides.3.2.
24、5 frame membersframe members are those partswhich form the fundamental crate structure upon which thestrength and rigidity of a lumber-sheathed crate depends.3.2.6 hanger-metalhanger-metal is a metal nailed strapused to aid in support of the intermediate sill in sill-type bases.3.2.7 headersheaders
25、are either transverse members ateach end of skid bases or longitudinal members at each end oftop joists. Headers in bases serve to hold the base together asa unit, to transfer loads to outside skids, and to provide afastening member for end panels. Headers in top panels serveto position and support
26、joists and to provide a fasteningmember for side panels.3.2.8 horizontal braceshorizontal braces are memberspositioned between struts and parallel to the upper and lowerframe members and serve to reduce the unsupported span ofthe sheathing.3.2.9 joistsjoists are members extending across the crateund
27、erneath the top, which serve to support and transfer verticalstacking loads to the side panels. Joists also serve to preventcrushing or buckling of crate tops when slings or grab hooksare used.3.2.10 lag screw straplag screw strap is a metal reinforc-ing strap used on bolted crates sides and ends to
28、 reinforce andincrease lag screw lateral resistance.3.2.11 load-bearing floorboardsload-bearing floorboardsare transverse base members which serve to distribute andtransfer loads to the outside skids.3.2.12 rubbing stripsrubbing strips are longitudinal mem-bers nailed to the skid bottom to provide f
29、or sling and forklifttruck handling.3.2.13 sheathingsheathing is the plywood or boardsnailed to the frame members and enclose the crate. Sheathingused on the top panels is called top sheathing; that used on theside or end panels is called side or end sheathing; that nailed tothe top of skids is call
30、ed flooring; and that nailed to the bottomof sills is called bottom sheathing.3.2.14 side frame membersside frame members are themembers of the crate top, without joists, which are parallel tothe long dimension and serve as fastening members and to tiethe crate construction together.3.2.15 sill brid
31、gingsill bridging are members of the samedepth as the sills, which are inserted at right angles to theintermediate sills, and serve to prevent lateral sill turning orbuckling.3.2.16 sillssills are the members, which with sill bridgingform the frame work of sill-type bases. Sills carry and transferlo
32、ads to side panels and serve as fastening members. There areside, end, and intermediate sills.3.2.17 skidsskids are longitudinal members attached tothe crate bottom, which serve to support and transfer the loadto the side panels.3.2.18 sleeperssleepers are members underneath the floorof skid-type ba
33、ses to which the item is anchored (through thefloor) so that the tie-down stress will be distributed.3.2.19 strutsstruts are vertical frame members, placedbetween the side and end panels upper and lower framemembers, and serve as columns for supporting vertical stack-ing loads. The end struts are so
34、metimes referred to as cornerposts.5Available from Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (HPVA), P.O. Box2789, Reston, VA 220900789, http:/www.hpva.org.6Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134, http:/www.natlhardwood.org.7Available
35、from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 100165990, http:/www.asme.org.8Available from the International Plant Protection Convention, www.ippc.int.D7478/D7478M 11 (2017)23.2.20 upper and lower frame membersupper and lowerfram
36、e members are those horizontal members at the top andbottom of the side and end panels which serve to tie theconstruction together.3.2.21 vertical joist supportsvertical joist supports arevertical members attached to the crate sides inside face, whichserve to support the joists and assist the struts
37、 in supportingvertical stacking loads.4. Classification4.1 Crates shall be of the following types, classes, andstyles:4.2 Type:4.2.1 Type INailed.4.2.2 Type IIBolted.4.3 Class:4.3.1 Class 1Lumber sheathed.4.3.2 Class 2Plywood sheathed.4.4 Style:4.4.1 Style ASkid base.4.4.2 Style BSill base.5. Orderi
38、ng Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred permitted optionsand include the following information in procurement docu-ments:5.2 Specification title, number, and date.5.3 Crate type, class, and style (see Section 4).5.4 Contents weight.5.5 Crate dimensions specified in order of length b
39、y widthby depth.5.6 When inspection doors are required.5.7 When top, sides, and ends shall be assembled with nailsand the entire assembly bolted to the base.5.8 Whether crates are to be shipped assembled or knockeddown.5.9 Whether other construction methods or techniques areacceptable and permitted
40、(see 1.6).5.10 Whether proof that other constructions methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.6) is required.5.11 If packaging is other than as specified.5.12 When ISPM 15 compliance is required (see 12.1).6. General Requirements6.1 Crate LoadingWhen crates are furnished as filledcontainers, the
41、extent of contents disassembly, the anchoring,blocking, and lifting attachments application shall be in accor-dance with this specifications Supplemental Requirements.6.2 Dimensions:6.2.1 Inside DimensionInside crate length or width is thedistance between opposite struts inner surfaces. Inside heigh
42、t isthe distance between skid base floorboards or sill bases silltops and the underside of top joists or framing members.6.2.2 Outside DimensionsOutside dimensions are thecrate, or its contents, overall length, width, and height, which-ever is greater. Actual dimensions, except in designing, arecorr
43、ected whole inches 25 mm increments, any fraction lessthan12 in. 13 mm being disregarded, and any fraction of12in. 13 mm or greater being considered a full inch 25 mmincrement.6.2.3 Cubic DisplacementCrate cubic displacement is cal-culated from the outside dimensions in inches millimetresand is stat
44、ed in cubic feet cubic metres.6.2.4 LimitationsThe crate exterior dimensions shall notexceed the following limitations:6.2.4.1 Length30 ft 9144 mm.6.2.4.2 Width9 ft 2743 mm.6.2.4.3 Height10 ft 3048 mm.6.2.5 Interior ClearanceA clearance of not less than 2 in.50 mm shall be allowed between the item a
45、nd the closestside, end, or top crate member. Additional clearances may beprovided for shock-mounted items. Protruding parts at the topmay be allowed to extend between joists; joist spacing may beadjusted slightly to accommodate projections.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 MaterialsMaterials shall be
46、 as specified herein. Ma-terials not specified shall be selected by the contractor or cratebuilder and shall be subject to all provisions of this specifica-tion (see Section 11). Materials shall be free of defects, whichadversely affect performance or serviceability of the finishedproduct.7.2 Lumber
47、Lumber components shall conform to PracticeD6199, PS 20, or the NHLA Rules. All lumber sizes specifiedherein shall be nominal and shall be the minimum acceptablesizes for lumber components. Lumber components shall have atarget thickness and width uniform in dimension and 50 % ofcomponents shall meet
48、 or exceed the target dimensions at thetime of component manufacture.7.3 PlywoodPlywood shall conform to PS 1 or ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004. All panels shall be bonded with moistureresistant adhesive and be identified as either Exposure 1 orExterior.7.4 FastenersFasteners are classified as driven nails,bol
49、ts, lag bolts, wood screws, and metal strapping.7.4.1 NailsNails shall be in accordance with SpecificationF1667 and other industry standards. Nails are classified asplain-shank, helically threaded, annularly threaded, fluted, ortwisted square wire.7.4.2 StaplesStaples have either round-wire or approxi-mately square-wire legs, referring to the cross-sectional shapeof the wire. Staples should be made of low carbon steel wireand galvanized.7.4.3 Bolts, Lag Bolts, Nuts and WashersBolts, lag bolts,n
