1、Designation: A194/A194M 17a Endorsed byManufacturers Standardization Societyof the Valve and Fittings IndustryUsed in USNRC-RDT StandardsStandard Specification forCarbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Boltsfor High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both1This standard is issu
2、ed under the fixed designation A194/A194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial cha
3、nge since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers a variety of carbon, alloy, andmartensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range14 through 4 in.and metric M6 through M100 nominal.
4、It also covers austeniticstainless steel nuts in the size range14 in. and M6 nominal andabove. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions without thepurchasers permission are not allowed.1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wroug
5、ht.The material may be further processed by centerless grindingor by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solutionannealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed andstrain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor-dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchase
6、rshould take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, SupplementaryRequirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood.1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature areprovided. These shall apply only when specified in the inquiry,contract, and order.1.4 This specification is expressed in bot
7、h inch-pound unitsand in SI units. However, unless the order specifies theapplicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated
8、 ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown inbrackets.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
9、dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
10、Standards:3A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onIron and Steel HardwareA276/A276M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars andShapesA320/A320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and StainlessSteel Bolting for Low-Temperature ServiceA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof
11、 Steel ProductsA962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements forBolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-genic to the Creep RangeB633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc onIron and SteelB695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron and SteelB
12、696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium MechanicallyDepositedB766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-miumE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sorting ofFerrous MetalsF606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanic
13、alProperties of Externally and Internally ThreadedFasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrou
14、ght Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A194/A194M 17.DOI: 10.1520/A0194_A0194M-17A.2For ASME Boiler a
15、nd Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-194 in Section II of that code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
16、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recogniz
17、ed principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1F1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification toPrevent Hydrog
18、en Embrittlement in Plated or CoatedFastenersF1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatingson Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and MetricF2329/F2329M Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip,Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy SteelBolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special ThreadedFa
19、steners2.2 ASME Standards:4B 1.1 Unified Screw ThreadsB 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw ThreadsB 1.13M Metric Screw ThreadsB 18.2.2 Square and Hex NutsB 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts2.3 ISO Standards:54033 Hexagon High Nuts (Style 2) Product A and B3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Term
20、s Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Austenitic GradesAll grades with a prefix of “8” or“9.”3.1.2 Ferritic GradesGrades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7,7M, and 16.3.1.3 LotUnless otherwise specified (see Discussionbelow), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size andgrade produced by the same m
21、anufacturing process.3.1.3.1 DiscussionWhen Supplementary Requirement S5is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of alot shall apply:3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 NutsThe quantity of all the nuts of asingle nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat ofsteel and made by the same manu
22、facturing process.3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts(see 8.2 and8.1.2.1)All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grademade from the same heat number and heat treated in the samebatch if batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heattreated in the same continuous run of not more than 8 h under
23、the same conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipmentis used.3.1.4 Type:3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 NutsVariations within the gradedesignated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and bymanufacturing process.3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 NutsVariations within the gradedesignated by the letter F as diff
24、erentiated by chemical addi-tions made for machineability.3.1.5 SeriesThe dimensional relationship and geometry ofthe nuts as described in ASME B 18.2.2 for inch nuts and ISO4033 for metric nuts sizes M6 through M10 and ASME B18.2.4.6M for nuts sizes M12 through M100.4. Ordering Information4.1 The i
25、nquiry and order for bolting material and boltingcomponents under this specification shall include the followingas required to describe the items adequately:4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issuedate and revision letter,4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces,4.1.3 Dimensions (see Sec
26、tion 9),4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and12, and4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any.4.2 CoatingsCoatings are prohibited unless specified bythe purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8).When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should takespecial care to
27、ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under-stood.4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be usedin low temperature applications (Specification A320/A320M).4.4 Proof Load TestingSee Supplementary RequirementS9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensionsand configurations other
28、 than those covered in Tables 3 and 4.5. Common Requirements5.1 Bolting material and bolting components supplied tothis specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci-fication A962/A962M, of which nuts are considered boltingcomponents, as are bolts, studs, screws, and washers intendedfor u
29、se in special service applications. These requirementsinclude test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking,certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others.Failure to comply with the requirements of SpecificationA962/A962M constitutes nonconformance with this specifica-tion. In cas
30、e of conflict between the requirements of thisspecification and Specification A962/A962M, this specificationshall prevail.6. Manufacture (Process)6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shallbe made by one of the following processes:6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing an
31、d refiningoptional),6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,or consumable-arc remelting.6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control toeliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe,porosity, and other defects.6.3 Grades 1 and 2
32、nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shallbe machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts shall be stress-relieved at atemperature of at least 1000 F 538 C after forming ormachining from bar with the following exceptions:6.3.1.1 Nuts made by hot forging.6.3.1
33、.2 Nuts machined from hot-forged or hot-rolled bar.6.3.1.3 Nuts machined from hot-forged/hot-rolled and cold-finished (max 10 % reduction in area) bar.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.as
34、me.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.A194/A194M 17a2TABLE1ChemicalRequirements(Composition,percent)A,B,C,D,IGradeDescriptionandUNSDesignationCarbonManga-nesePhospho-rusSulfurESil
35、iconChromiumNickelMolyb- denumTita-niumNiobiumHNitrogenCopperSeleniumVanadiumAluminum1carbon0.15min1.000.0400.0500.40.2,2HM,and2Hcarbon0.40min1.000.0400.0500.40.3(501) S501000.10min1.000.0400.0301.004.06.0.0.400.65.6(410) S410000.080.151.000.0400.0301.0011.513.5.6F(416) S416000.151.250.0600.15min1.0
36、012.014.0.6F(416Se) S416230.151.250.0600.0601.0012.014.0.0.15min.7G,7MGChromium- MolybdenumG0.380.480.751.00.0350.040.150.350.801.10.0.150.25.8,8A(304) S304000.082.000.0450.0301.0018.020.08.011.0.8C,8CA(347) S347000.082.000.0450.0301.0017.019.09.012.0.10xcarbon content, min1.10.8CLN, 8CLNA(347LN) S3
37、47510.005- 0.0202.000.0450.0301.0017.019.09.013.0.0.200.50, 15xcarbon content, min0.060.10.8M,8MA(316) S316000.082.000.0450.0301.0016.018.010.014.02.003.00.8T,8TA(321) S321000.082.000.0450.0301.0017.019.09.012.0.5x(C+N) min-0.70 max.0.10.8F,8FA(303) S303000.152.000.200.15min1.0017.019.08.010.0.8F,8F
38、A(303Se) S303230.152.000.200.061.0017.019.08.010.0.0.15min.8P,8PA(305) S305000.122.000.0450.0301.0017.019.011.013.0.8N,8NA(304N) S304510.082.000.0450.0301.0018.020.08.011.0.0.100.16.8LN,8LNA(304LN) S304530.0302.000.0450.0301.0018.020.08.011.0.0.100.16.8MN,8MNA(316N) S316510.082.000.0450.0301.0016.01
39、8.010.013.02.003.00.0.100.16.8MLN, 8MLNA(316LN) S316530.0302.000.0450.0301.0016.018.010.013.02.003.00.0.100.16.8R,8RAF(XM19) S209100.064.06.00.0450.0301.0020.523.511.513.51.503.00.0.100.300.200.400.100.308S,8SA(Nitronic60)S218000.107.09.00.0600.0303.54.516.018.08.09.0.0.080.18.8MLCuN, 8MLCuNA(254) S
40、312540.0201.000.0300.0100.8019.520.517.518.56.06.5.0.180.220.501.00.A194/A194M 17a3TABLE1ContinuedGradeDescriptionandUNSDesignationCarbonManga-nesePhospho-rusSulfurESiliconChromiumNickelMolyb- denumTita-niumNiobiumHNitrogenCopperSeleniumVanadiumAluminumB8ML4CuN(317) S317300.0302.000.0400.0101.0017.0
41、19.015.016.53.04.0.0.0454.05.0.9C,9CA(AL-6XN) N083670.0302.000.0400.0301.0020.0-22.023.5-25.56.0-7.0.0.18-0.250.75.16Chromium Molyb- denum Vanadium0.360.470.450.700.0350.0400.150.350.801.15.0.500.65.0.250.350.15BATheintentionaladditionofBi,Se,Te,andPbisnotpermittedexceptforGrades6F,8F,and8FA,inwhich
42、Seisspecifiedandrequired.BTotalaluminum,solubleandinsoluble.CMaximum,unlessminimumorrangeisindicated.DWhereellipses()appearinthistablethereisnorequirementandtheelementneednotbedeterminedorreported.EBecauseofthedegreetowhichsulfursegregates,productanalysisforsulfurover0.060%maxisnottechnologicallyapp
43、ropriate.FAsdescribedinSpecificationA276/A276M.GTypicalsteelcompositionsusedforthisgradeinclude4140,4142,4145,4140H,4142H,and4145H.HColumbium(Cb)andNiobium(Nb)arealternatenamesforelement41inthePeriodicTableoftheElements.IProductAnalysisIndividualdeterminationssometimesvaryfromthespecifiedlimitsassho
44、wninthetables.Theseveraldeterminationsofanyindividualelementinaheatmaynotvarybothaboveandbelowthespecifiedrange.Productvariationlimitsareoverformaximums,overorunderforranges,andunderforminimums,unlessotherwiseindicated.A194/A194M 17a46.3.1.4 Nuts machined from cold-drawn and annealed (min1000 F 538
45、C) bar.6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or bymachining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be stressrelieved.6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall behot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged,hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated
46、to meetthe required mechanical properties. These grades shall beuniformly reheated to the proper austenitizing temperature (agroup thus reheated being known as a quenching charge) andquenched under substantially uniform conditions for eachquenching charge and tempered as shown below. Grades 2H,2HM,
47、3, 7, and 7M shall be liquid quenched. Grades 6 and 6Fshall be quenched in liquid or inert gas. Grade 16 shall beheated to a temperature range from 1700 to 1750 F (925 to955 C) and oil quenched.GradeMinimum Tempering Temperature, FC2H 850 4552HM 1150 6203 1050 5656 and 6F 1100 5957 1100 5957M 1150 62016 1200 650Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with thisspecification need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be done at or above theminimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining,and tapping operat
