1、Designation: C441/C441M 17Standard Test Method forEffectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag inPreventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to theAlkali-Silica Reaction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C441/C441M; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinatio
3、n of the effec-tiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessiveexpansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkaliesin portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on theexpansion developed in mortar bars by a combination ofportland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with react
4、iveaggregates (borosilicate glass), during storage under prescribedconditions of test.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used indepen
5、dently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI unitsbecause the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
6、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principle
7、s on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C109/C109M Test Method for Compressi
8、ve Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyC490/C490M Practice for
9、 Use of Apparatus for the Deter-mination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste,Mortar, and ConcreteC511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and ConcretesC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
10、Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminolo
11、gy3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology C125.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method may be used as a preliminary orscreening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a numberof different materials being considered for use to preventexcessi
12、ve expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.4.2 This test method may also be used to evaluate materialsproposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessiveexpansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in thequantity and in combination with the cement or cements to beused on the job.4.3 Thi
13、s test method does not assess the suitability ofpozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.50 on Aggregate Reactions in Concrete.
14、Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published January 2018. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C441/C441M11.DOI: 10.1520/C0441_C0441M17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis int
16、ernational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) C
17、ommittee.1comply with Specification C618, Specification C989/C989Mor Specification C1240.5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus shall conform to Practice C490/C490M,except as follows:5.2 SievesSquare hole, woven-wire cloth sieves, shallconform to Specification E11.5.3 Mixer, Paddle, and Mixing BowlMixer, pad
18、dle, andmixing bowl shall conform to the requirements of PracticeC305, except that the clearance between the lower end of thepaddle and the bottom of the bowl shall be 5 to 6 mm 0.20 to0.24 in.5.4 Tamper and TrowelThe tamper and trowel shallconform to Test Method C109/C109M.5.5 ContainersCovered con
19、tainers for storing the testspecimens shall be constructed of material that is resistant tocorrosion under the test conditions. The wall thickness of thecontainer and cover shall be less than 6 mm 316 in. (Note 1).The cover shall be constructed in a manner to maintain a tightseal between the cover a
20、nd top of the container wall (Note 2).The container shall be arranged to provide every surface ofeach specimen with an equal exposure to an absorbent wickingmaterial, as shown in the upper wire rack position feature inFig. 1. The specimens shall not be in direct contact with thewicking material but
21、every surface shall be within 30 mm 114in. or less of the the wicking. A typical arrangement of such acontainer is shown in Fig. 1. The inner walls and the centercores of the containers are to be lined with an absorbentmaterial, such as blotting or filter paper (Note 3). The wickingliners shall exte
22、nd into the top of the water in the bottom of thecontainers and above the tops of the specimens. Make provi-sions to support the bars in a vertical position with the lowerend of the bars 25 6 5mm16 0.2 in. above the surface ofthe water in the containers. The weight of the specimens shallnot be suppo
23、rted on the metal gage studs. A supporting rackshall be provided to ensure that the specimens do not touch thewicking material or each other. The supporting rack shall beconstructed of brass wire or other material that is resistant tocorrosion under the test conditions and shall not act as a vaporba
24、rrier but provide free movement of water vapors within thecontainer. Provisions shall be made to prevent water fromsplashing and dripping onto the specimens (Notes 4 and 5). Ifrequired to prevent the growth of mold on the wicking, add asuitable fungicide to the water in the container. The containers
25、ize and internal arrangement of the specimens and wickingmay be varied at the users discretion, providing expansion datafor all specimens can be shown to be equivalent to thatdeveloped with the container herein described.NOTE 1The purpose of this limit is to reduce the insulating effect andprovide a
26、 rapid heat transfer for the initial 14-day test period.NOTE 2This seal may be achieved by a double wrap of vinyl tape 38mm 112 in. or greater in width, overlaying the lid and container wallalong its full circumference.NOTE 3The purpose of this material is to act as a wick and to ensurethat the atmo
27、sphere in the container is quickly saturated with water vaporwhen it is sealed after the specimens are placed therein.NOTE 4The shape and spacing of the center wicking material maybe maintained during the test by the use of rubber bands or hardware cloth.NOTE 5The container described in 5.5 and in F
28、ig. 1 has been shownto produce large and reproducible expansions with cement-aggregatecombinations such as borosilicate glass and high-alkali cement combina-tion called for by this method. However, studies suggest that the samefactors that are responsible for the success of this method (high, consta
29、nt,uniform internal relative humidity) will, under certain permittedconditions, promote leaching of alkali from the specimens and result inlittle or no expansion from some combinations of high-alkali cement andaggregate known to be deleteriously alkali reactive. Each laboratoryshould evaluate its co
30、ntainers with a known deleteriously alkali-reactiveaggregate (not borosilicate glass which releases alkali) and a high-alkaliFIG. 1 Diagram of an Acceptable Assembled ContainerC441/C441M 172cement, to establish that the expected level of expansion is obtained. Ifnot, try removing the wicking to redu
31、ce the condensation and leaching.Minimizing the temperature variation within the storage room and theroom in which the bars are measured may also reduce condensation on andleaching from the bars.6. Materials6.1 Borosilicate Glass3Borosilicate glass granules gradedaccording to Table 1 or crushed Pyre
32、x Glass No. 7740 cullet orsolid glass rod crushed and graded according to Table 1. Afterthe glass cullet or rod has been crushed and separated into thevarious sieve sizes, wash with a water spray over the sieve toremove adhering dust and fine particles from the aggregate.Dry the portions retained on
33、 the various sieves and, unless usedimmediately, store each such portion individually in a cleancontainer provided with a tight-fitting cover.6.2 High-Alkali CementFor the preparation of mortar barsfor the preliminary or screening tests, use a blend of cement orcements that conform to Specification
34、C150/C150M and con-tain between 0.95 and 1.05 % total alkalies as sodium oxide(Na2O) calculated as % Na2O + 0.658 % potassium oxide(K2O). If blending is needed, introduce the individual cementsinto the batch separately.7. Proportioning and Consistency of Mortar7.1 Control MixtureThe quantities of dr
35、y materials for thecontrol mixture shall be 400 g of high-alkali cement and 900 gof glass aggregate made by recombining the portions retainedon the various sieves in the prescribed grading (Table 1). Testspecimens made from the control mixture shall have a 14-dayincrease in length of at least 0.250
36、%.7.2 Test Mixture Using PozzolansThe quantities of drymaterials for the test mixture shall be 300 g of high-alkalicement, a mass of pozzolan having an absolute volume equal tothe absolute volume of 100 g of portland cement (100 den-sity of pozzolan/3.15) and 900 g of glass aggregate made asdescribe
37、d for the control mixture.7.3 Test Mixture Using SlagThe quantities of dry materi-als for this test mixture shall be 200 g of high-alkali cement, amass of slag having an absolute volume of 200 g of portlandcement (200 density of slag/3.15) and 900 g of glass made inaccordance with 7.1.7.4 A smaller
38、quantity of the pozzolan or slag and aproportionately large quantity of cement may be used if thereis evidence that it is unusually effective in reducing expansiondue to the alkali-silica reaction and that the use of a smallerquantity is likely to produce a large reduction of expansion ofthe test mi
39、xture as compared to that of the control mixture.7.5 Job MixtureThe quantities of dry materials used forthe job mixture shall be in accordance with the requirementsgiven above, except that the cement or cements to be used onthe job shall be used instead of the high-alkali cement. Also,the quantity o
40、f pozzolan or slag, by mass, used with theportland cement shall be equivalent to that proposed for use onthe job.7.6 FlowThe amount of mixing water, measured inmillilitres, shall be such as to produce a flow of between 100and 115 as determined in accordance with Test Method C1437.8. Temperature and
41、Humidity8.1 The temperature of the molding room and dry materialsshall be maintained at not less than 20C 68F and not morethan 27.5C 81.5F. The temperature of the mixing water, ofthe moist closet or moist room, and of the room in which thelength measurements are made shall not vary from 23.0C73.5F b
42、y more than 2.0C 3.5F.8.2 The relative humidity of the molding room shall be notless than 50 %. The moist closet or room shall conform toSpecification C511.8.3 The storage room in which the specimens in containersare stored shall be maintained at a temperature that shall notvary from 38.0C 100F by m
43、ore than 2.0C 3.5F.9. Test Specimens9.1 Preparation of MoldsPrepare the molds in accordancewith the requirements of Practice C490/C490M.9.2 Mixing of MortarMix the mortar in accordance withthe requirements of Test Method C305, except add the poz-zalan or slag with the cement to the water.9.3 Molding
44、 of Test SpecimensWithin 1 min of comple-tion of the flow test, return the mortar from the flow table to themixing bowl. Mix the entire batch for a period of 15 s. Startmolding specimens with a total elapsed time of not more than2 min and 15 s after completion of the original mixing of themortar bat
45、ch. Fill the molds with two equal layers (63 mm,18in.), each layer being compacted with the tamper twelve times.Work the mortar into the corners, around the gage studs, andalong the surfaces of the mold with the tamper to insure thereare no voids in these areas. After the top layer has beencompacted
46、, cut off the mortar flush with the top of the moldand smooth the surface with a few strokes of the trowel.9.3.1 When a duplicate batch of mortar is to be made foradditional specimens on the same day, a second flow test is notrequired. In this case allow the mortar to stand in the mixingbowl for 90
47、s and then remix for 15 s before starting themolding of the specimens.9.4 Dimensions and Number of Test SpecimensMake three25 by 25 by 285-mm 1 by 1 by 1114-in. test specimens having3The sole source of supply of borosilicate glass granules in the specific sizescalled for in this test method known to
48、 the committee at this time is VSI Products,LLC, Nampa, ID, 83651; phone: 208-468-9949; http:/ If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical commi
49、ttee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 1 Grading RequirementsSieve SizeMass, %Passing Retained on4.75-mm (No. 4) 2.36-mm (No. 8) 102.36-mm (No. 8) 1.18-mm (No. 16) 251.18-mm (No. 16) 600-m (No. 30) 25600-m (No. 30) 300-m (No. 50) 25300-m (No. 50) 150-m (No. 100) 15C441/C441M 173an effective gage length of 254 6 2.5 mm 10 6 0.1 in. fromeach batch of each mortar mixture. One set of three specimensshall represent each test mixture or each job mixture. On thesame da
