1、Designation: B213 17Standard Test Methods forFlow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Hall FlowmeterFunnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination
3、 of a flow rate,by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders andpowder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that willflow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.1.2 With the exception of the values for density and themass used to determine density, for which the use of the
4、gramper cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are tobe regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only, and are not considered standard.1.3
5、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This internati
6、onal standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Commi
7、ttee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B215 Practices for Sampling Metal PowdersB243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of MetalPowders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall FlowmeterFunnelB964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Usingthe Carney Funn
8、el3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of powder metallurgy termscan be found in Terminology B243.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Hall flow rate (FRH), nthe time required for a metalpowder sample of specified mass to flow through the orifice ina Hall Flowmeter funnel acc
9、ording to a specified procedure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A weighed mass (50.0 g) of metal powder is timed as itflows through the orifice of a calibrated Hall Flowmeter funnel.5. Significance and Use5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are relatedto flow properties, which thus influe
10、nce production rates anduniformity of compacted parts.5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function ofinterparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow isslowed. Fine powders may not flow. Some powders, often finepowders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flowthrough the Hal
11、l Flowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a largerorifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel ofTest Method B964, a meaningful flow rate may be determined,providing specific information for certain applications.5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, isthe preferred method
12、for determining the flowability of metalpowders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnelof Method B964 should only be used when powder will notflow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wetor moist powders may not flow.5.5 These test methods
13、 are based on flow of a specified massof powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred,Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readilythrough the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.6 This test method may be part of the purchase agreementbetween powder manufacturers and powder metallurg
14、y (PM)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of B09.02 onBase Metal Powders.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved i
15、n 2013 as B213 13. DOI:10.1520/B0213-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes
16、 section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decisi
17、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test byeither the producer or the end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Powder Fl
18、owmeter Funnel3A calibrated flowmeterfunnel (Fig. 1) having a nominal orifice of 0.10 in. (2.54 mm)in diameter.6.2 The dimensions shown for the flowmeter funnel, includ-ing the orifice, are not to be considered controlling factors.Calibration with emery, as specified in Section 9, determinesthe work
19、ing flow rate of the funnel.6.3 Stand3A stand (Fig. 2) to support the powder flow-meter funnel.6.4 WorkbenchA level, vibration free table or workbenchto support the powder flowmeter stand.6.5 Timing DeviceA stopwatch or other suitable devicecapable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s.6.6 Chinese Emery
20、3An emery powder used to calibratethe flowmeter funnel.6.7 BalanceA balance readable to 0.01 g suitable forweighing at least 50.0 g to the nearest 0.1 g.7. Sampling7.1 A sample of powder sufficient to run the desired numberof flow tests shall be obtained in accordance with PracticeB215.7.2 Individua
21、l test portions, each of approximately therequired mass, shall be obtained from the test sample inaccordance with Practice B215.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the funnel with clean dry toweling paper.8.2 Clean the funnel orifice with a clean dry pipe cleaner.3The flowmeter funnel, stand, and C
22、hinese emery are available from ACuPow-der International, LLC.FIG. 1 Hall Flowmeter FunnelFIG. 2 StandB213 1729. Calibration of Apparatus9.1 The manufacturer supplies the powder flowmeter funnelcalibrated as follows:9.1.1 Heat an open glass jar of Chinese emery in a dryingoven at a temperature of 10
23、2 to 107 C (215 to 225 F) for1h.9.1.2 Cool the emery to room temperature in a desiccator.9.1.3 Follow the procedure outlined in steps 10.1.1 10.1.8.9.1.4 Repeat steps 10.1.2 10.1.8 using the identical 50.0 gmass of emery for all the tests until 5 flow times, the extremesof which shall not differ by
24、more than 0.4 s, have beenrecorded.NOTE 1The flow rate of Chinese emery calibration powder issensitive to moisture. Starting from the dried condition, it will absorbmoisture from the ambient air as five (or more) flow tests are performed.Flow times can vary dependent upon the humidity of the test ar
25、ea.9.1.5 The average of these five flow times is stamped on thebottom of the funnel. The correction factor for the unusedflowmeter funnel is 40.0 divided by this number.9.2 The flow rate of Chinese emery powder was establishedby an interlaboratory study conducted by SubcommitteeB09.02 in 1995.4The v
26、alue was 40.0. It represents the flow ratethrough the master flowmeter funnel that had been used in aprevious interlaboratory study with the former Turkish emerycalibration powder, which is no longer available.9.3 It is recommended that the flow rate be checkedperiodically, at least every six months
27、, using the procedureoutlined in steps 9.1.1 9.1.5. If the flow rate has changedfrom that stamped on the instrument, the new correction factorwill be 40.0 divided by this new flow rate. Before adopting thenew correction factor, however, it is recommended that thecause of the change be investigated.
28、If the flow rate hasincreased (faster flow), it is probable that repeated use hasburnished the orifice and the new correction factor may beused. A decrease in flow rate (slower flow) may indicate aplating of soft powder upon the orifice. This should beremoved carefully with the aid of a pipe cleaner
29、 and thecalibration test rerun, the new correction factor being calcu-lated if required. It is recommended that the use of a funnel bediscontinued after the flow rate of the emery has increased suchthat the time of flow is less than 37 s.10. Procedure10.1 Method 1Stationary Powder Start to Flow Meas
30、ure-ment (Static Flow Method):10.1.1 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of powder, as sampled, intoa clean weighing dish.10.1.2 Block the discharge orifice at the bottom of thefunnel with a dry finger.10.1.3 Carefully pour the 50.0 g sample of powder into thecenter of the flowmeter funnel without any tapping,
31、vibrationor movement of the funnel.10.1.4 Place the emptied weighing dish on the flowmeterstand directly under the funnel orifice.10.1.5 Simultaneously start the timing device and removeyour finger from the discharge orifice.10.1.6 If the powder fails to start flowing, one light tap onthe funnel rim
32、 is permitted. Further tapping of the funnel,however, or poking or stirring of the powder in the funnel witha wire or any other implement is not permitted.10.1.7 Stop the timing device the instant the last of thepowder exits the orifice.10.1.8 Record the elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 s.10.1.9 More
33、 than one flow may be run if desired. Use afresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average theflow times.10.2 Method 2Moving Powder Start to Flow Measure-ment (Dynamic Flow Method):10.2.1 Place an empty receptacle directly under the dis-charge orifice.10.2.2 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of po
34、wder, as sampled, intoa clean weighing dish.10.2.3 Pour the 50.0 g powder specimen into the center ofthe funnel and start the timing device the instant the powderexits the orifice.10.2.4 Stop the timing device the instant the last of thepowder exits the orifice.10.2.5 Record the elapsed time to the
35、nearest 0.1 s.10.2.6 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use afresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average theflow times.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the correction factor by dividing 40.0 byeither the flow rate stamped on the bottom of the funnel, or thenew calibration flow ra
36、te established in 9.3.11.2 Multiply the elapsed time (see 10.1.9 or 10.2.6)bythedesired correction factor (see 11.1).12. Report12.1 Report the corrected Hall flow rate (FRH) as:FRH= t s/50 g, where t is the flow time in seconds, to thenearest second.12.2 Report the method of measurement used: Method
37、 1(static start to flow) or Method 2 (dynamic start to flow).13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionPrecision for the static flow method hasbeen determined from an interlaboratory study performed byseven laboratories of Subcommittee B09.02.413.1.1 Repeatability limit values, r, are listed in Table 1.In
38、95% of flow rate determinations, on the basis of test erroralone, duplicate tests in the same laboratory by the sameoperator on one homogeneous lot of powder will differ by nomore than the stated amount in seconds.13.1.2 Reproducibility limit values, R, are listed in Table 1.For 95% of comparative t
39、rials done in two differentlaboratories, and on the basis of test error alone, single tests onthe same homogeneous lot of powder will differ by no morethan the stated amount in seconds.13.1.3 The repeatability of the flow times using both thestatic and the dynamic flow methods has been determined fo
40、r4Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.B213 173a sponge iron powder, a water atomized iron powder, and aspherical bronze powder. In addition, the methods have beencompared for a mixture of water atomized iron powder with2% Ni, 0.8% graphite, and 0.5% Acrawax C lubricant. Theresults of
41、 ten repetitions for each material are summarized inTable 2. The data were determined by members of the MetalPowder Producers Association of the Metal Powder IndustriesFederation and are reproduced here with permission.13.1.4 Measurement UncertaintyThe precision of TestMethods B213 shall be consider
42、ed by those performing the testwhen reporting Hall flow rate test results.13.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedures in Test Methods B213 for measuring the Hallflow rate because no material having an accepted referencevalue is available.14. Keywords14.1 Hall; Carney; flow
43、rate; metal powder flow; powderflowSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (B213 13)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 1, 2017.)(1) Sections 4.1 and 6.1 have been changed to reflect that it isa calib
44、rated flowmeter funnel rather than a calibrated orificethat is used.(2) “Repeatability intervals” has been changed to “Repeatabil-ity limit values” in Section 13.1.1.(3) “Reproducibility intervals” has been changed to “Repro-ducibility limit values” in Section 13.1.2.(4) The word “limit” has been ad
45、ded to the columns forRepeatability and Reproducibility in Table 1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any
46、such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are inv
47、ited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received
48、 a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of th
49、is standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Precision of Flow Rate Measurements of Metal PowdersPowderApparentDensity(g/cm3)FlowRate(s/50 g)RepeatabilityLimit(r) Avg. 3Flows (s)ReproducibilityLimit(R) Avg. 3Fl
