1、Designation: A435/A435M 17Standard Specification forStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers the procedure and acceptancestandards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-tion
3、of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates,12 in.12.5 mm and over in thickness. It was developed to assuredelivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuitiessuch as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be usedwhenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification statestha
4、t the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance withthis specification shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalentstandar
5、d is one which covers the qualification and certificationof ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and whichis acceptable to the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in bracke
6、ts. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally re
7、cognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E317 Practice for
8、Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofPhased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and
9、 Systems2.2 ASNT Documents:4ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to nonde-structive examinations used in this specification, refer toTerminology E1316.4. Apparatus4.1 T
10、he manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonicequipment and qualified personnel necessary for performingthe test. The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beamtype. The transducer is normally 1 to 118 in. 25 to 30 mm indiameter or 1 in. 25 mm square; however, any transducerhaving a minim
11、um active area of 0.7 in.2450 mm2 may beused, including phased-array probes using an equivalent activeaperture. The test shall be performed by one of the followingmethods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.4.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating andpinpointing indication
12、s.4.3 Vertical or horizontal linearity or both shall be checkedin accordance with Practice E317, Guide E2491, or anotherprocedure approved by the users of this specification. Anacceptable linearity performance may be agreed upon by themanufacturer and purchaser.5. Test Conditions5.1 Conduct the exam
13、ination in an area free of operationsthat interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.5.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently tomaintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side ofthe plate at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.1This specification is under the
14、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 2012 as A435/A435M 90 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/A0435_A0435M-17.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cations SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at s
16、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, https:/www.asnt.org.*A Summary of Change
17、s section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decis
18、ion on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may beexpected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Anyspecified
19、identification which is removed when grinding toachieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.6. Procedure6.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either majorsurface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximitymay require inspection from the second major surface. Platesordered in
20、 the quenched and tempered condition shall be testedfollowing heat treatment.6.2 A nominal test frequency of 214 MHz is recommended.Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material andnature of the equipment or method may require a higher orlower test frequency. However, frequencies less tha
21、n 1 MHzmay be used only on agreement with the purchaser. A clear,easily interpreted A-scan should be produced during theexamination.6.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency andinstrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to amaximum 75 % of full scale reference back reflection from
22、theopposite side of a sound area of the plate.6.4 Scanning shall be continuous along perpendicular gridlines on nominal 9-in. 225-mm centers, or at the manufac-turers option, shall be continuous along parallel paths, trans-verse to the major plate axis, on nominal 4-in. 100-mmcenters, or shall be co
23、ntinuous along parallel paths parallel tothe major plate axis, on 3-in. 75-mm or smaller centers. Asuitable couplant such as water, soluble oil, or glycerin, shallbe used.6.5 Scanning lines shall be measured from the center or onecorner of the plate. An additional path shall be scanned within2 in. 5
24、0 mm of all edges of the plate on the scanning surface.6.6 Where grid scanning is performed and complete loss ofback reflection accompanied by continuous indications isdetected along a given grid line, the entire surface area of thesquares adjacent to this indication shall be scanned. Whereparallel
25、path scanning is performed and complete loss of backreflection accompanied by continuous indications is detected,the entire surface area of a 9 by 9-in. 225 by 225-mm squarecentered on this indication shall be scanned. The true bound-aries where this condition exists shall be established in eitherme
26、thod by the following technique: Move the transducer awayfrom the center of the discontinuity until the heights of the backreflection and discontinuity indications are equal. Mark theplate at a point equivalent to the center of the transducer.Repeat the operation to establish the boundary.7. Accepta
27、nce Standards7.1 Any discontinuity indication causing a total loss of backreflection which cannot be contained within a circle, thediameter of which is 3 in. 75 mm or one half of the platethickness, whichever is greater, is unacceptable.7.2 The manufacturer reserves the right to discuss rejectableul
28、trasonically tested plates with the purchaser with the objectof possible repair of the ultrasonically indicated defect beforerejection of the plate.7.3 The purchasers representative may witness the test.8. Marking8.1 Plates accepted in accordance with this specificationshall be identified by stampin
29、g or stenciling UT 435 adjacent tomarking required by the material specification.9. Keywords9.1 nondestructive testing; pressure containing parts; pres-sure vessel steels; steel plate for pressure vessel applications;steel plates; straight-beam; ultrasonic examinationsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThe f
30、ollowing shall apply only if specified in the order:S1. Instead of the scanning procedure specified by 6.4 and6.5, and as agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser,100 % of one major plate surface shall be scanned. Scanningshall be continuous along parallel paths, transverse or parallelto the m
31、ajor plate axis, with not less than 10 % overlapbetween each path.A435/A435M 172SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(A435/A435M 90 (2012) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2017.)(1) Added Secti
32、on 3, Terminology.(2) Revised Section 4 to include phased array technology.(3) Revised Section 6.(4) Paragraphs renumbered as required.(5) Added Section 9, Keywords.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
33、 standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
34、reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespo
35、nsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
36、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 173
