1、Designation: F2913 17Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Coefficient of Friction for Evaluation of SlipPerformance of Footwear and Test Surfaces/Flooring Usinga Whole Shoe Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2913; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2determines the dynamic coefficie
3、nt offriction between footwear and floorings under reproduciblelaboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance.The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units,heel top lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types offloorings, including matting and stair nosing
4、, and surfacecontaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limitedto liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also beapplied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes,metal studs or similar may be tested on appropr
5、iate surfaces butthe method does not fully take account of the risk of trippingdue to footwear/ground interlock.1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metricsare to be regarded as the standard. The values in parenthesesare for information.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all o
6、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in a
7、ccor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1
8、ASTM Standards:3F1646 Terminology Relating to Walkway Safety and Foot-wearF2508 Practice for Validation, Calibration, and Certificationof Walkway Tribometers Using Reference Surfaces2.2 Other References:BS EN ISO 4287 Geometrical product specification (GPS).Surface texture: Profile method. Terms, de
9、finitions andsurface texture parameters4EN 10088-2 Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical deliveryconditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resistingsteels for general purposes5F2913-11 Slip test training video6ISO 132873. Terminology3.1 For general definitions of terms, refer to the Terminol-
10、ogy F1646.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 footbed (removable), nalso known as insock, acomponent typically made of a foam material with a leather orfabric cover/sockliner and often shaped or contoured coveringthe entire insole board which can be inserted between the footand insole board.3.2.2 slider, nflat re
11、ctangular specimen used in calibratingtest surfaces (see 10.5.1) or a circular test specimen preparedfrom footwear sheet materials (see Note 2), or both.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 onPedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility ofSubco
12、mmittee F13.30 on Footwear.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F2913 11. DOI:10.1520/F2913-17.2This standard is derived from SATRA TM144, Friction Slip Resistance ofFootwear and Floorings, copyright SA
13、TRA Technology Centre Ltd., KetteringNorthamptonshire, NN16 8SD, United Kingdom.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
14、onthe ASTM website.4Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/.5Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), AvenueMarnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http:/www.cen.eu.6Available at ASTM F13 web page http:/www.astm.org/COMM
15、ITTEE/F13.htm, under Additional Links.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on
16、Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.3 slider 96, na pre-described rectangular test speci-men intended for use in calibrating test surfaces (see 10.5.1).4. Summary
17、of Test Method4.1 The footwear item and underfoot surface are broughtinto contact, subjected to a specified vertical force for a shortperiod of static contact then moved horizontally relative to oneanother at a constant speed. The horizontal frictional force ismeasured at a given time after movement
18、 starts and thedynamic coefficient of friction is calculated for the particularconditions of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows forthe reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip perfor-
19、mance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a stan-dardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.6. Apparatus6.1 Slip tester capable of performing the required test.6.2 A means of conditioning the test specimens and thestandard reference materials against which the specimens
20、are tobe tested, prior to the test at 23 6 2C and 50 6 5% RH andof carrying out the test at 23 6 2C.6.3 Ameans of securely mounting the footwear, outsole, toplift, or slider.6.4 A flat rigid horizontal surface mount of minimum width150 mm and minimum length 450 mm, to which the testunderfoot surface
21、, hereafter termed the test surface, shall besecurely mounted.NOTE 1A device may be used to entrap lubricant within thefootwear/surface contact area to ensure that the required depth of lubricantis maintained.6.5 A means of holding the footwear, sole unit, top lift, orslider clear of the test surfac
22、e between test measurementswithout contact with any other surfaces.6.6 A means of adjusting the angle between the footwear,sole unit, top lift, or slider and the test surface so that therequired contact angle can be achieved, and a means ofadjusting the contact point horizontally with respect to the
23、 lineof action of the vertical force when required.6.7 A rigid wedge of minimum dimensions 80 mm wide by120 mm long shall be used to set the contact angle of 7.0 60.5 between footwear, sole unit or slider and test surface whenrequired. See Fig. 1.6.8 A mechanism for lowering the footwear, sole unit,
24、 toplift, or slider onto the test surface and applying a steadilyincreasing downward force, including the weight of the testspecimen and its mounting, at a rate that enables the requiredfull forceeither 400 6 20Nor5006 25 N (see Table 1)tobe achieved within 0.2 s of reaching 50 N.6.9 A means of slid
25、ing the test surface relative to thefootwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider at a speed of 0.3 6 0.03m/s commencing within 0.2 s after a vertical load of 50 N isachieved. Sliding shall not start until full vertical force isachieved, see Fig. 2. The footwear test specimen may beconstrained while the
26、test floor is moved relative to it, or viceversa.6.10 A means of measuring time with a resolution of 0.01 s(graph should have tick marks every 0.01 s) or better.6.11 A means of measuring:6.11.1 The continuous vertical force exerted on the testspecimen, with an accuracy of2%orbetter.6.11.2 The contin
27、uous horizontal frictional force, with anaccuracy of2%orbetter, exerted on the test specimenmeasured in the plane of the surface of the test surface.6.11.3 The displacement of the moving item, test surface orfootwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider, to the nearest 1 mm.6.12 The apparatus comprising
28、elements 6.2 6.10 shall besufficiently rugged to prevent vibration.7. Hazards7.1 Care should be used when working with mechanicalequipment. Attention to be given to preventing a pinch hazardwhile in operation.8. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 For footwear items (footwear, sole units, top lifts, orsl
29、iders), see 10.9. It is suggested that circular sliders used torepresent top lifts for everyday footwear should 76 6 1mmdiameter and minimum thickness of 5 mm. A smaller diametermay be appropriate to represent the top lift of womens fashionFIG. 1 Example of Footwear Mounted Using 7 Wedge to SetPrope
30、r Contact AngleTABLE 1 Vertical Load to be Applied in Slip Test RunFootwear ItemFull Loadto beApplied(N)Footwear and finished soles of size US size 7.5 mens and 8.5womens, (Paris Points 40) (UK size 6.5) and above50025Footwear and finished soles of sizes below US size 7.5 mensand 8,5 womens (Paris P
31、oints 40) (UK size 6.5)40020Top-pieces and sole materials intended for mens footwear 500 25Top-pieces and sole materials intended for womens, childrensand infants footwear40020F2913 172footwear. The shape and size of slider used shall be docu-mented within the test report (see 14.1.2.1).NOTE 2Slider
32、s are generally samples of soling material cut to sizefrom a larger sample.8.2 For test surfaces, see 10.3; for contaminants/lubricants,see 10.4.NOTE 3Either the footwear item or the test surface may be the subjectof the test. Appropriate flooring items and footwear items respectively areselected as
33、 the reference materials against which the test item is to betested.9. Preparation of Apparatus, Test Specimens and TestSurfaces9.1 Prepare and condition standard reference materials (testsurfaces and/or test sliders) according to 10.6 and Section 11.9.2 Prepare and condition footwear, sole unit, to
34、p lift, orslider according to 10.9.9.3 Fit and secure the prepared test surface onto the rigidsurface mount. If more than one test surface specimen isKey:A 50 N reachedB Full force achieved and relative movement started within 0.2 s after AC Snapshot value of horizontal force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s
35、 after the start of sliding movementD Snapshot value of vertical force taken at (0.1 6 0.01) s after the start of sliding movementFIG. 2 Test Chart Showing Sequence of Events in a Typical Test RunFIG. 3 Example of Test ApparatusF2913 173required to achieve a test track of at least 40 mm, position th
36、ejoint(s) outside the area traversed during the test run.9.4 Securely fit the prepared footwear, sole unit, top lift, orslider to an appropriate mounting.9.5 Lower the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider intocontact with the test surface under its own weight. Adjust thealignment and angle of th
37、e footwear, sole unit or slider toconform to one of the test modes defined in 12.6.1.9.6 Fully tighten all mounting adjustments and lift thefootwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider away from the test surface.9.7 Apply contaminant if required (see 10.5).9.8 Activate the data recording system.9.9 Brin
38、g the footwear, sole unit, top lift, or slider intocontact with the test surface and apply the required verticalforce as specified in Table 1.10. Calibration and StandardizationTest Surfaces(Floorings) and Lubricants10.1 General Information:10.1.1 Any type of test surface and lubricant may be usedpr
39、ovided it can be mounted without interfering with the actionof the test.10.1.2 Test surfaces shall be of uniform mean thickness,allowing for any surface pattern, and have minimum dimen-sions of 220 by 120 mm.10.1.3 When evaluating an extruded or rolled product,where possible, cut the surface materia
40、l either:10.1.3.1 Parallel to the process direction,10.1.3.2 Perpendicular to the process direction, or10.1.3.3 At 45 to the process direction.NOTE 4Where the process direction is not known, the directionsshould be referenced in relation to some other distinguishing feature onthe flooring.10.1.4 Whe
41、n evaluating worn surfaces it may be appropriateto evaluate these items in directions aligned with any patternsof wear in addition to the normal modes of testing.10.1.5 When preparing the surfaces to be used as referencematerials for testing footwear or footwear materials, thesurfaces shall be calib
42、rated in the direction in which they are tobe evaluated.10.1.5.1 Determination of standard COF test values againsta Slider 96 slider in 10.5,or10.1.5.2 Specification of surface roughness in 10.8.2.10.1.6 Other floors used for comparing performance offootwear or footwear materials should be character
43、ized bytesting against Slider 96 rubber to establish the nominalperformance level of the flooring for future reference.10.1.7 Transient surfaces such as natural grass and iceshould be characterized by other means as appropriate, describ-ing in full detail in the report how the surface was made,prepa
44、red, and characterized. In general such surfaces will bedamaged or changed by the action of the test so it may not bepracticable to quantify their friction against a standard slidernor to perform multiple measurements on the same sample.10.1.8 All test surfaces should be stored carefully: do notstac
45、k specimens on top of each other. When handling testsurface samples, hold them by the edges and also do not touchthe test surface of the tiles.10.1.9 Cleaning procedures for test materials are given in10.10.10.2 Additional Apparatus:10.2.1 For retaining friable, weak or loose surfaces such asnatural
46、 grass or gravel, a walled tray that will locate on thehorizontal surface of the friction test apparatus and is suffi-ciently large that no part of the footwear or footwear materialsbeing tested will come into contact with the tray during the test.A flat rigid plate 5 mm less in length and in width
47、than the traythat is used for consolidating friable, weak or loose surfacessuch as natural grass or gravel.10.2.1.1 A means of applying a vertical load to the center ofthe plate shall be laid on the surface, which should be evenlydistributed in the tray, and a vertical load applied through thecenter
48、 of the plate. The area of the plate and the total loadapplied should be recorded.10.3 Test Surface:10.3.1 Flat unglazed clay quarry tile7,8that is wider than thetest specimen and long enough to allow a sliding distance of atleast 75 mm without crossing a joint.10.3.1.1 Sufficiently flat to allow it
49、 to be secured on themounting table such that no movement occurs between the tileand mounting table during the test.10.3.1.2 Has a ribbed profile or directional marking on theunderside to identify the direction in which the tile should bealigned (with the ribs parallel to the sliding direction).10.3.1.3 Conforms to the values specified in Table 2 whencalibrated by the Slider 96 method (see 10.5).10.3.1.4 Calibration of the tiles should be checked, afterevery 10 tests or prior to each day of testing which
