1、iANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983(Revision of IEEE Std 81-1962)An American National StandardIEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground SystemSponsorPower System Instrumentation and Measurements Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyApproved Sep
2、tember17, 1981IEEE Standards BoardApproved September 4, 1984American National Standards Institute Copyright 1983 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USANo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retriv
3、al system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publisher.iiIEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the StandardsCoordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and withoutcom
4、pensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent aconsensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE whichhave expressed an interest in participating in the development of the sta
5、ndard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no otherways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEEStandard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time
6、a standard is approved and issued is subject to changebrought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. EveryIEEE Standard is subjected to review at least once every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document ismore than five
7、years old, and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still ofsome value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they havethe latest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Stand
8、ards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliationwith IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together withappropriate supporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of
9、portions of standards as they relate tospecific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiateaction to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned interests, it isimportant to ensure tha
10、t any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reasonIEEE and the members of its technical committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requestsexcept in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration.
11、Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary, IEEE Standards Board345 East 47th StreetNew York, NY 10017USAiiiForeword(This Foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 81-1983, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and EarthSurface Potentials
12、 of a Ground System.)In order to increase its practical usefulness, this guide has been divided into two parts. Part I, Normal Measurements,covers the majority of field measurements which do not require special high-precision equipment and measuringtechniques, and which do not encounter unusual diff
13、iculties such as may be found with extensive grounding systems,abnormally high stray ac or de currents, etc. Part I has been extensively revised and updated. Part II, SpecialMeasurements, is to be completed in the future. This part is intended to describe the methods of measurementsapplicable when u
14、nusual difficulties make normal measurements either impractical or inaccurate. Very large powerstation ground grids and counterpoises of transmission lines are examples of such grounding systems.This guide was prepared by the Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface Potential ,Measurem
15、entWorking Group of the RLC Subcommittee, Power System Instrumentation and Measurements Committee. Theworking groups members at the time the guide was prepared were:D. Mukhedkar, Chair F. Dawalibi, Secretary G. Y. R. AllenM. J. AnnaE. B. CurdtsR. D. CrosierW. K. DickW. G. FinneyJ. L. HayesR. HallR.
16、J. HehJ. F. LaidigA. C. LegatesR. MalewskiH. C. RambergB. StanleighF. P. ZupaDeceasedW. J. Lyon (Liaison member with 80-1976.)W. K. Switzer(Liaison with Substations Committee.)When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on September 17, 1981, it had the following membership:I. N. Howell, Jr
17、, Chair Irving Kolodny, Vice Chair Sara I. Sherr, Secretary G. Y. R. AllenJ. J. ArchambaultJ. H. BeallJ. T. BoettgerEdward ChelottiEdward J. CohenLen S. CoreyJay ForsterKurt GreeneLoering M. JohnsonJoseph L. KoepfingerJ. E. MayDonald T. Michael*J. P. RiganatiF. RosaR. W. SeelbachJ. S. StewartW. E. V
18、annahVirginius N. Vaughan, JrArt WallRobert E. Weiler* Member emeritusivCLAUSE PAGE1. Purpose.11.1 . 11.2 . 12. Scope.22.1 . 22.2 . 22.3 . 23. Objectives of Tests.23.1 . 23.2 . 23.3 . 24. Definitions.35. Safety Precautions While Making Ground Tests.45.1 Station Ground Tests. 45.2 Surge-Attester Grou
19、nd Tests. 55.3 Small Isolated Ground Tests . 56. General Considerations of the Problems Related to Measurements .56.1 Complexities . 56.2 Test Electrodes. 56.3 Stray Direct Currents . 66.4 Stray Alternating Currents . 76.5 Reactive Component of Impedance of a Large Grounding System. 76.6 Coupling Be
20、tween Test Leads . 76.7 Buried Metallic Objects . 77. Earth Resistivity.87.1 General . 87.2 Methods of Measuring Earth Resistivity . 107.3 Interpretation of Measurements . 137.4 Instrumentation . 168. Ground Impedance.168.1 General . 168.2 Methods of Measuring Ground Impedance. 188.3 Testing the Int
21、egrity of the Ground Grid . 238.4 Instrumentation . 249. Earth Potential.249.1 Equipotential Lines . 249.2 Potential Contour Surveys . 259.3 Step and Touch Voltages . 25vCLAUSE PAGE10. Transient Impedance .2710.1 Transient Impedance of Ground Systems . 2711. Model Tests.2911.1 Purpose. 2911.2 Simila
22、rity Criteria and Limitations . 2911.3 Instrumentation . 2911.4 Resistance Measurements . 3011.5 Potential Measurements . 3011.6 Interpretation of Measurements . 3012. Instrumentation .3112.1 Ratio Ohmmeter. 3112.2 Double-Balance Bridge. 3212.3 Single-Balance Transformer . 3312.4 Ammeter-Voltmeter .
23、 3412.5 Induced Polarization Units. 3412.6 High-Frequency Earth Resistance Meter . 3513. Practical Aspects of Measurements .3613.1 Selection of Auxiliary Electrodes . 3613.2 Selection of Test Leads . 3713.3 Selection of Auxiliary Equipment. 3713.4 Testing Precautions . 3813.5 Large Substations. 39Annex A Nonuniform Soils (Informative).40Annex B Determination of an Earth Model (Informative).42Annex C Theory of the Fall of Potential Method (Informative).
