1、Designation: D8101/D8101M 17Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Penetration Resistance of CompositeMaterials to Impact by a Blunt Projectile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8101/D8101M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the resistance of flat com-posite panels in one specif
3、ic clamping configuration to pen-etration by a blunt projectile in free flight. In this test method,the term “penetration” is defined as the case in which theprojectile travels completely through the composite panel andfully exits the back side. The composite materials may becontinuous fiber angle-p
4、ly, woven or braided fiber-reinforcedpolymer matrix composites, or chopped fiber-reinforced com-posites. The resistance to penetration is quantified by astatistical function that defines the probability of penetrationfor a given kinetic energy.1.2 This test method is intended for composite test pane
5、ls inwhich the thickness dimension is small compared with the testpanel width and length (span to thickness greater than fifty).1.3 This test method is intended for applications such as jetengine fan containment, open rotor engine blade containment,or other applications in which protection is needed
6、 for projec-tiles at velocities typically lower than seen in ballistic armorapplications. The typical impact velocity that this test isintended for is in the range of 100 to 500 m/s 300 to 1500 ft/s,as opposed to higher velocities associated with armor penetra-tion.1.4 A flat composite panel is fixe
7、d between a circular-shaped clamping fixture and a large base fixture each with alarge coaxial hole defining a region of the panel that issubjected to impact in the direction normal to the plane of theflat panel by a blunt projectile. Clamping pressure is providedby twenty-eight through bolts that p
8、ass through the frontclamp, the test specimen and the back plate. The mass,geometry, desired impact kinetic energy, and impact orienta-tion of the projectile with respect to the panel are specifiedbefore the test. Equipment and procedures are required formeasuring the actual impact velocity and orie
9、ntation during thetest. The impact penetration resistance can be quantified byeither the velocity or kinetic energy required for the projectileto penetrate the test panel fully. A number of tests are requiredto obtain a statistical probability of penetration for givenimpact conditions.1.5 This test
10、method measures the penetration resistance fora specific projectile and test configuration and can be used toscreen materials for impact penetration resistance, compare theimpact penetration resistance of different composite materialsunder the same test geometry conditions, or assess the effectsof i
11、n-service or environmental exposure on the impact penetra-tion resistance of materials.1.6 The impact penetration resistance is highly dependenton the test panel materials and architecture, projectile geometryand mass, and panel boundary conditions. Results are notgenerally scalable to other configu
12、rations but, for the same testconfigurations, may be used to assess the relative impactpenetration resistance of different materials and fiber architec-tures.1.7 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system m
13、ay not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard. Within the text, the inch-poundunits are shown in brackets.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
14、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internation
15、ally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
16、mmittee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 onStructural Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D8101_D8101M-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
17、-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic
18、al Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent
19、 Content of CompositeMaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAbsorption Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer MatrixComposite MaterialsD5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat CompositePanels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepa
20、ra-tionE2533 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer MatrixComposites Used in Aerospace Applications2.2 NIJ Standard3NIJ Standard 0101.06 Body AmorBallistic Resistance3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsIn Terminology D3878, terms are definedrelating to composite materials. In Terminology D883, termsar
21、e defined related to plastics. In the event of a conflict betweenterms, Terminology D3878 shall have precedence over theother standards.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: If theterm represents a physical quantity, its analytical dimensionsare stated immediately following the term (o
22、r letter symbol) infundamental dimension form, using the following ASTMstandard symbology for fundamental dimensions, shownwithin square brackets: M for mass, L for length, T fortime, for thermodynamic temperature, and nd for non-dimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is restricted toanalytica
23、l dimensions when used with square brackets, as theterms may have other definitions when used without thebrackets.3.2.1 impact velocity, Vi LT-1, nvelocity of the projectilein the direction of projectile travel just before impact.3.2.2 penetrate, vto travel fully through a body andemerge completely
24、on the other side.3.2.3 projectile face, nfront portion of the projectile thatfirst comes into contact with the test panel.3.2.4 projectile orientation, nangular position of the pro-jectile as determined by a set of measurements relative to thereference coordinate system.3.2.4.1 DiscussionTypically
25、used to define the angularposition of the projectile just before impact with the testspecimen.3.2.5 Impact Penetration Resistance (IPR), nthe kineticenergy (or associated impact velocity) of a projectile corre-sponding to the 50% probability of penetration.3.2.6 reference coordinate system, ncoordin
26、ate systemdefined for the purpose of identifying the impact velocity andorientation of the projectile and the orientation of the testspecimen.3.2.6.1 DiscussionAn example of a reference coordinatesystem is one in which the X direction is normal to the plane ofthe flat panel with positive values meas
27、ured in the direction ofthe projectile travel, the Y direction is in the plane of the flattest panel and is horizontal with positive values measured tothe right when viewing the panel from the impacted side, andthe Z direction is vertical with positive values measureddownward and the origin is at th
28、e center of the panel on theimpacted face. The reference coordinate system is defined bythe organization conducting the tests.3.2.7 residual velocity, Vr LT-1, nabsolute velocity of theprojectile just after penetration (if penetration occurs).3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 EaML2T-2Loss in kinetic energy of the p
29、rojectileas a result of the impact.3.3.2 EiML2T-2Kinetic energy of the projectile at thetime of impact.3.3.3 ErML2T-2Kinetic energy of the projectile afterpenetrating the test panel (if penetration occurs).3.3.4 MMProjectile mass.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An impact test is performed by accelerati
30、ng a definedprojectile to a specified velocity, typically with the use of asingle-stage gas gun, into a composite test panel that issupported in a fixture. The test panel is supported in a circularfixture with precision bolts extending through a front clampand the specimen itself to avoid slipping o
31、f the specimen at theboundaries. The location of the holes is remote from the impactsite so that damage is not initiated at the holes. Depending onthe kinetic energy of the projectile, it may or may not damageor penetrate the test panel. The penetration resistance isquantified by either the velocity
32、 or kinetic energy required topenetrate the test panel. The penetration resistance is a functionof the geometry and materials of the test panel. Comparisonsbetween materials or material conditions cannot be madeunless identical test configurations and test conditions are used.4.2 Procedures and equi
33、pment for measuring the impactvelocity and orientation of the projectile just before impact arerequired. Equipment for measuring the residual velocity of theprojectile after penetration, if it occurs, is desirable but notrequired.5. Significance and Use5.1 Advanced composite systems are used in a nu
34、mber ofapplications as shields to prevent penetration by projectiles. Ingeneral, the use of composites is more effective for blunt,rather than sharp, projectiles or in hybrid systems in which anadditional shield can be used to blunt a sharp projectile.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
35、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, www.jij.gov/publications.D8101/D8101M 172K
36、nowledge of the penetration impact resistance of differentmaterial systems or the effects of environmental or in-serviceload exposure to the penetration resistance of given materials isuseful for product development and material selection.5.2 An impact test used to measure the penetration resis-tanc
37、e of a material can serve the following purposes:5.2.1 To quantify the effect of fiber architecture, stackingsequence, fiber and matrix material selection, and processingparameters on the penetration resistance of different compositematerials;5.2.2 To measure the effects of environmental or in-servi
38、ceload exposure on the penetration impact resistance of a givenmaterial system; and5.2.3 As a tool for quality assurance requirements formaterials designed for penetration resistance applications.5.3 The penetration resistance values obtained with this testmethod are most commonly used in material s
39、pecification andselection and research and development activities. The data arenot intended for use in establishing design allowables, as theresults are specific to the geometry and physical conditionstested and are not generally scalable to other configurations.5.4 The reporting section requires it
40、ems that tend to influ-ence the penetration resistance of material systems. Theseinclude the following: fiber and matrix materials, fiberarchitecture, layup sequence, methods of material fabrication,environmental exposure parameters, specimen geometry andoverall thickness, void content, specimen con
41、ditioning, testingenvironment and exposure time, specimen fixture andalignment, projectile mass and geometry, and projectile orien-tation at impact.Additional reporting requirements include sizeand description of damage, results of any pre- and post-testnondestructive inspection, impact velocity, ac
42、curacy of thevelocity measurement apparatus, and whether or not theprojectile penetrated the panel. Residual velocity is a desirable,but not a necessary, value to be reported.5.5 The reporting section shall also include the parametersof a statistical function that gives the probability of penetratio
43、nas a function of impact kinetic energy (see 14.4).5.6 The relevant measurements that result from the impacttest are the kinetic energy and impact velocity of the projectileand whether or not the projectile penetrated the specimen. Anoptional item to be measured is the loss in kinetic energy of thep
44、rojectile as a function of impact velocity if measurements ofthe residual velocity are recorded.6. Interferences6.1 The impact penetration resistance is dependent on manyfactors, such as test specimen thickness, areal density, fiberarchitecture, fiber and matrix materials, fiber volume ratio,pre-tes
45、t environmental and load exposure, test environment,boundary conditions, projectile geometry, and projectile mass.Consequently, comparisons cannot be made between materialsunless identical test configurations, test conditions, and mate-rial thickness are used. Therefore, all deviations from thestand
46、ard test configuration shall be reported in the results.6.2 Materials and Specimen PreparationPoor materialfabrication practices, lack of control of fiber placement andstacking sequence alignment, and damage induced by improperspecimen machining are known causes of high material datascatter in compo
47、sites in general. Important aspects of panelspecimen preparation that contribute to data scatter includethickness variation and out-of-plane curvature.6.3 Impact Location and Projectile OrientationThe loca-tion of the projectile impact shall occur at the center of thepanel for results to be valid. L
48、ack of control over the impactlocation will produce scatter in the results and invalidatecomparisons between different materials or environmentalexposure conditions. The orientation of the projectile shall besuch that its center of mass is aligned with the impact directionand the impact direction is
49、 normal to the plane of the testspecimen. Differences in projectile orientation between testswill lead to data scatter.6.4 Support Fixture CharacteristicsResults are affectedby the dimensions, as well as the corresponding mass andrigidity of the support fixture. Bolt torque differences willaffect the boundary conditions and lead to inconsistent results.The support fixture shall be significantly more rigid than thetest specimen for results to be valid.6.5 Impact Device CharacteristicsThe method of acceler-ating the projectile will affect th
