1、Designation: D8147 17 An American National StandardStandard Specification forSpecial-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8147; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasingagencies when formulating specif
3、ications for purchases ofaviation distillate fuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines specialized property require-ments to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuelsthat are intended only for engineering and certification testingof aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Us
4、e of thisspecification for engineering and certification testing of aircraftis not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraftmanufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authoritieswhen determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipmentdesign.1.3 This specification defines
5、 special-purpose test fuels thatmay be used to evaluate the operability, performance anddurability of aviation compression-ignition engines when op-erating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviationdistillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intendedfor general purpose use in a
6、ircraft. This specification also listsacceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose testfuels.1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, andmaintained as such, but may be adopted for military,government, or other specialized uses.1.5 This specification can be used as a
7、 standard in describ-ing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to theaircraft. However, this specification does not define the qualityassurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuelcontinues to comply with this specification after batch certifi-cation.1.6 This specif
8、ication does not include all fuels satisfactoryfor aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.7.1 ExceptionOther units of measurement are includedin this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
9、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with inte
10、rnationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56
11、Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip T
12、estD381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravi
13、ty of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels1This
14、specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation EngineFuels.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published February 2018. DOI:10.15
15、20/D8147-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
16、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations is
17、sued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Poi
18、nt of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3
19、120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbi
20、ne FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD3948 Test Method for
21、 Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Cont
22、ami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of L
23、iquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Tot
24、al Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6079 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuelsby the High-Frequency Reciprocat
25、ing Rig (HFRR)D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index DetectionD6890 Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay andDerived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel O
26、ils byCombustion in a Constant Volume ChamberD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7153 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Laser Method)D7154 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation
27、 Fuels(Automatic Fiber Optical Method)D7345 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Productsand Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distil-lation Method)D7524 Test Method for Determination of Static DissipaterAdditives (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and MiddleDistillate FuelsHigh Performan
28、ce Liquid Chromato-graph (HPLC) MethodE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 IP Standards:3IP 12 Determination of specific energyIP 16 Determination of freezing point of aviation fuelsManual methodIP 71 Section 1 Petroleum productsTransp
29、arent andopaque liquidsDetermination of kinematic viscosity andcalculation of dynamic viscosityIP 123 Petroleum productsDetermination of distillationcharacteristics at atmospheric pressureIP 154 Petroleum productsCorrosiveness to copperCopper strip testIP 156 Petroleum products and related materials
30、Determination of hydrocarbon typesFluorescent indica-tor adsorption methodIP 160 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum productsLaboratory determination of densityHydrometermethodIP 170 Determination of flash pointAbel closed-cupmethodIP 274 Determination of electrical conductivity of aviationand dist
31、illate fuelsIP 323 Determination of thermal oxidation stability of gasturbine fuelsIP 336 Petroleum productsDetermination of sulfurcontentEnergy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrom-etryIP 342 Petroleum productsDetermination of thiol (mer-captan) sulfur in light and middle distillate fuelsPotentio
32、metric methodIP 354 Determination of the acid number of aviation fuels-colour-indicator titration methodIP 365 Crude petroleum and petroleum productsDetermination of densityOscillating U-tube methodIP 406 Petroleum productsDetermination of boiling rangedistribution by gas chromatographyIP 435 Determ
33、ination of the freezing point of aviation3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D8147 172turbine fuels by the automatic phase transition methodIP 436 Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types inaviation fuels a
34、nd petroleum distillates High perfor-mance liquid chromatography method with refractiveindex detectionIP 498 Determination of ignition delay and derived cetanenumber (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion ina constant volume chamberIP 523 Determination of flash pointRapid equilibriumclosed c
35、up methodIP 528 Determination for the freezing point of aviationturbine fuelsAutomatic fibre optic methodIP 529 Determination of the freezing point of aviationturbine fuelsAutomatic laser methodIP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviationturbine fuelJet evaporation methodIP 598 Petro
36、leum productsDetermination of the smokepoint of kerosine, manual and automated method2.3 ANSI Standard:3ANSI 863 Report of Test Results3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 identified incidental materials, nchemicals and com-positions that have defined upper content
37、limits in an aviationfuel specification but are not approved additives.4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation distillate fuel at the time andplace of delivery.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Aviation distillate fuel is a complex mix
38、ture predomi-nantly composed of hydrocarbons and varies depending oncrude source and manufacturing process. Consequently, it isimpossible to define the exact composition of aviation distillatefuels. Therefore, this specification is primarily a performancespecification rather than a compositional spe
39、cification. Thespecification limits aviation distillate fuels to those made fromconventional sources or by specifically approved processes.5.1.1 Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specifiedin this specification, shall consist predominantly of refinedhydrocarbons (see Note 1) derived from
40、conventional sourcesincluding crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil,shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blendscontaining components from other sources is permitted.NOTE 1Conventionally refined aviation distillate fuel contains tracelevels of materials that are
41、not hydrocarbons, including oxygenates,organosulfur, and nitrogenous compounds.5.2 AdditivesAdditives approved for use in D1655 jet fuelare approved for aviation distillate fuels and are shown in Table2. They may be used within the concentration limits shown inthe table subject to any restrictions d
42、escribed in the tablefootnotes.D8147 173TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Distillate FuelsGrades ID 7.9 ID 7.0 ID 6.3 900 WSDProperty Aviation Distillate Fuels Test MethodsIgnition Delay, ms min 7.9 7.0 6.3 Report D6890/IP 498LUBRICITYWear Scar Diameter, m min Report Report Report 900 D6079R
43、equirements for All GradesProperty Aviation Distillate Fuels Test MethodsCOMBUSTIONNet heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8AD4529, D3338,orD4809One of the following requirements shall be met:(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322Naphthalenes, percent by volume max 3.
44、0 D1840VOLATILITY D86,BD2887/IP 406,CD7345,DIP 123BDistillation temperature, C10 % recovered, temperature max 20550 % recovered, temperature report90 % recovered, temperature reportFinal boiling point, temperature max 300Distillation residue, % max 1.5Distillation loss, % max 1.5Flash point, C min 3
45、8ED56, D93,FD3828,FIP 170For IP 523FDensity at 15 C, kg/m3775 to 840 D1298/IP 160 or D4052 or IP 365FLUIDITYFreezing point, CGmax 40 D5972/IP 435, D7153/IP 529, D7154/IP 528,or D2386/IP 16Viscosity 20 C, mm2/sHmax 8.0 D445/IP 71, Section 1 or D7042ICOMPOSITIONAcidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242/I
46、P 354(1) Aromatics, percent by volume max 25.0 D1319 or IP 156(2) Aromatics, percent by volume max 26.5 D6379/IP 436Sulfur, mercaptan,Jpercent by mass max 0.003 D3227/IP 342Sulfur, total percent by mass max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294, D5453,orIP336CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130/IP
47、154THERMAL STABILITY(2.5 h at control temperature of 260 C min)Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241K/IP 323KTube rating: One of the following requirements shall bemet:L(1) Annex A1 VTR, VTR Color Code Less than 3 (no peacock or abnormal colordeposits)(2) Annex A2 ITR or Annex 3 ETR, nm average o
48、verarea of 2.5 mm2max 85CONTAMINANTSExistent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381, IP 540Microseparometer, RatingWithout electrical conductivity additive min 85 D3948With electrical conductivity additive min 70ADDITIVES See 5.2Electrical conductivity, pS/mMD2624/IP 274AFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1
49、 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Calculate and report the net heat of combustion corrected for the sulfurcontent when using Test Method D4529 and D3338 empirical test methods. Test Method D4809 can be used as an alternative. In case of dispute, Test Method D4809 shallbe used.BD86 and IP 123 distillation of jet fuel is run at Group 4 conditions, except Group 3 condenser temperature is used.CD2887/IP 406 results shall be converted to estimated D86 or IP 123 results by application of the correlation in Appendix X4 on Correlati
