1、Designation: D6710 17Standard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits,for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-based quench oils for quality and
3、 aging.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
4、to establish appro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Prin
5、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire
6、 Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of PetroleumProductsD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petro-leum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Tra
7、nsparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Num
8、ber by Color-Indicator TitrationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4530 Test Method for Determination
9、of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D6200 Test Method for Determination of Cooling Charac-teristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve AnalysisD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD7042 Test Method for Dyna
10、mic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 9950 Industrial Quenching OilsDetermination ofCooling CharacteristicsNickel-Alloy Probe TestMethod, 1995-95-013. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
11、:Quench Processing3.1.1 austenitization, nheating a steel containing less thanthe eutectoid concentration of carbon (about 0.8 mass %) to atemperature just above the eutectoid temperature to decomposethe pearlite microstructure to produce a face-centered cubic(fcc) austenite-ferrite mixture.3.1.2 dr
12、agout, nsolution carried out of a bath on the metalbeing quenched and associated handling equipment.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.L0.06 on Non-Lubricating Process Fl
13、uids.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6710 02 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D6710-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
14、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this st
15、andardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
16、 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.3 martempering, ncooling steel from the austenitiza-tion temperature to a temperature just above the start ofmertensite transformation (Ms) for a time sufficie
17、nt for thetemperature to equalize between the surface and the center ofthe steel, at which point the steel is removed from the quenchbath and air cooled as shown in Fig. 1 (1).43.1.4 protective atmosphere, nany atmosphere that willinhibit oxidation of the metal surface during austenitization, orit m
18、ay be used to protect the quenching oil, which may be aninert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a gas used for aheat-treating furnace.3.1.5 quench media, nany medium, either liquid (water,oil, molten salt, or lead, aqueous solutions of water-solublepolymers or salt-brines) or gas or combinations of l
19、iquid andgas (air at atmospheric pressure, or pressurized nitrogen,helium, hydrogen) such as air-water spray, used to facilitate thecooling of metal in such a way as to achieve the desiredphysical properties or microstructure.3.1.6 quench severity, nthe ability of a quenching oil toextract heat from
20、 a hot metal traditionally defined by thequenching speed (cooling rate) at 1300 F (705 C) which wasrelated to a Grossmann H-Value or Quench Severity Factor(H-Factor) (2).3.1.7 quenching, ncooling process from a suitable el-evated temperature used to facilitate the formation of thedesired microstruct
21、ure and properties of a metal as shown inFig. 2.3.1.8 transformation temperature, ncharacteristic tem-peratures that are important in the formation of martensiticmicrostructure as illustrated in Fig. 2;Ae equilibriumaustenitization phase change temperature; Ms temperature atwhich transformation of a
22、ustenite to martensite starts duringcooling; and Mf temperature at which transformation ofaustenite to martensite is completed during cooling.Cooling Mechanisms3.1.9 convective cooling, nafter continued cooling, theinterfacial temperature between the cooling metal surface andthe quenching oil will b
23、e less than the boiling point of the oil,at which point cooling occurs by a convective cooling processas illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.10 full-film boiling, nupon initial immersion of hotsteel into a quench oil, a vapor blanket surrounds the metalsurface as shown in Fig. 3. This is full-film boiling als
24、ocommonly called vapor blanket cooling.3.1.11 Leidenfrost temperature, nthe characteristic tem-perature where the transition from full-film boiling (vaporblanket cooling) to nucleate boiling occurs which is indepen-dent of the initial temperature of the metal being quenched asillustrated in Fig. 4 (
25、3).3.1.12 nucleate boiling, nupon continued cooling, thevapor blanket that initially forms around the hot metal col-lapses and a nucleate boiling process, the fastest coolingportion of the quenching process, occurs as illustrated in Fig. 3.3.1.13 vapor blanket cooling, nSee full-film boiling(3.1.10)
26、.3.1.14 wettability, nwhen a heated metal, such as theprobe illustrated in Fig. 5, is immersed into a quenchingmedium, the cooling process shown in Fig. 6 occurs by initialvapor blanket formation followed by collapse, at which pointthe metal surface is wetted by the quenching medium (4).Quench Oil C
27、lassification3.1.15 accelerated quenching oil, nalso referred to as afast or high-speed oil, these are oils that contain additions thatfacilitate collapse of the vapor blanket surrounding the hotmetal immediately upon immersion into the quenching oil, asshown in Fig. 3.3.1.16 conventional quenching
28、oil, nalso called slow oils,these oils typically exhibit substantial film-boilingcharacteristics, commonly referred to as vapor blanket cooling4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.FIG. 1 (a) Conventional Quenching Cycle; (b) MartemperingD671
29、0 172due to relatively stable vapor blanket formation, illustratedmechanistically in Fig. 2.3.1.17 marquenching oils, nalso referred to as mar-quenching oils or hot oils, these oils are typically used attemperatures between 95 C to 230 C (203 F to 446 F) andare usually formulated to optimize oxidati
30、ve and thermalstability by the addition of antioxidants and because they areused at relatively high temperatures, a protective or non-oxidizing environment is often employed, which permits muchhigher use temperatures than open-air conditions.3.1.18 quenching oil, nalthough usually derived from apetr
31、oleum oil, they may also be derived from natural oils suchas vegetable oils or synthetic oils such as poly(alpha olefin).They are used to mediate heat transfer from a heated metal,FIG. 2 Transformation Diagram for a Low-Alloy Steel with Cooling Curves for Various Quenching Media (A) High Speed Oil (
32、B) Conven-tional OilFIG. 3 Cooling Mechanisms for a Quenching Oil Superimposed on a Cooling Time-Temperature Curve and the Corresponding CoolingRate CurveD6710 173such as austenitized steel, to control the microstructure that isformed upon cooling and also control distortion and minimizecracking whi
33、ch may accompany the cooling process.Cooling Curve Terminology3.1.19 cooling curve, na graphic representation of thetemperature (T) versus cooling time (t) response of a probe.Anexample is illustrated in Fig. 3 (5).3.1.20 cooling curve analysis, nprocess of quantifying thecooling characteristics of
34、a quenching oil based on the time-temperature profile obtained by cooling a preheated probeassembly (Fig. 5).3.1.21 cooling rate curve, nthe first derivative (dT/dt)ofthe cooling time-temperature curve as illustrated in Fig. 3 (5).4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance and use of each test meth
35、od willdepend on the system in use and the purpose of the test methodlisted under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the testmethods.5. Sampling5.1 Sampling UniformityFlow is never uniform in agitatedquench tanks. There is always variation of flow rate andturbulence from top to bottom and ac
36、ross the tank. This meansthat there may be significant variations of particulate contami-nation including sludge from oil oxidation and metal scale. Foruniform sampling, a number of sampling recommendationshave been developed.FIG. 4 Leidenfrost Temperature and its Independence of the Initial Tempera
37、ture of the Metal Being QuenchedNOTE 1Measurements are nominal. (From Test Method D6200.)FIG. 5 Probe Details and Probe AssemblyD6710 1745.1.1 Sampling Recommendations:5.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling TimeThe circulation pumpsshall be in operation for at least 1 h prior to taking a samplefrom a quench syste
38、m.5.1.1.2 Sampling PositionFor each system, the sampleshall be taken from the same position each time that system issampled. The sample shall be taken at the point of maximumflow turbulence. The position in the tank where the sample istaken shall be recorded.5.1.1.3 Sampling ValvesIf a sample is tak
39、en from asampling valve, then sufficient quenching oil should be takenand discarded to ensure that the sampling valve and associatedpiping have been flushed, before the sample is taken.5.1.1.4 Sampling from Tanks with No AgitationIf samplesare to be taken from bulk storage tank or a quench tank with
40、 noagitation, then samples shall be taken from the top and bottomof the bulk system or quench tank. If this is not possible and thesample can only be taken from the top, then the laboratoryreport shall state that the results represent a sample taken fromthe top of the bulk system or quench tank and
41、may not berepresentative of the total system.5.1.1.5 Effect of Quenching Oil Addition as Make-Up Dueto DragoutIt is important to determine the quantity andfrequency of new quenchant additions, as large additions ofnew quench oil will have an effect on the test results, inparticular the cooling curve
42、. If a sample was taken just after alarge addition of new quench oil, this shall be taken intoconsideration when interpreting the cooling curve of this oilsample.5.1.1.6 Sampling ContainersSamples shall be collected innew containers. Under no circumstances shall used beverage orfood containers be us
43、ed because of the potential for fluidcontamination and leakage.6. Recommended Test Procedures6.1 Performance-Related Physical and Chemical Proper-ties:6.1.1 Kinematic Viscosity, (Test Method D445 or D7042)The performance of a quench oil is dependent on its viscosity,which varies with temperature and
44、 oil deterioration duringcontinued use. Increased oil viscosity typically results indecreased heat transfer rates (6). Oil viscosity varies withtemperature which affects heat transfer rates throughout theprocess.6.1.1.1 The flow velocity of a quench oil depends on bothviscosity and temperature. Some
45、 quench oils are used at highertemperatures, such as martempering oils, also known ashot-oils. Although the viscosity of a martempering oil may notfluctuate substantially at elevated temperatures, the oil maybecome almost solid upon cooling. Thus, the viscosity-temperature relationship (viscosity in
46、dex) of a quench oil maybe critically important from the dual standpoint of quenchseverity and flow velocity.6.1.1.2 Typically kinematic viscosity determination by TestMethod D445 or D7042 is used. Viscosity measurements aremade at 40 C (104 F) for conventional or accelerated oils andalso at 100 C (
47、212 F) for martempering oils.6.1.2 Flash Point and Fire Point (Test Method D92)Useof a quench oil in an open system with no protective atmo-sphere shall be at least 60 C to 65 C lower than its actualopen cup flash point to minimize the potential for fire. Generalguidelines have been developed for us
48、e temperatures of aquench oil relative to its flash point.NOTE 1There are various manufacturer-dependent guidelines forrelating the suitability for use of a used quenching oil with respect to itsflash point and they shall be followed. In the absence of such guidelines,it is recommended that the use
49、temperature of a quenching oil in an opensystem with no protective atmosphere shall be more than 60 C to 65 C(140 F to 149 F) below its actual open-cup flash point. In closed systemswhere a protective atmosphere is used, the use temperature of the usedquenching oil shall be at least 35 C (95 F) lower than its actual open-cupflash point.6.1.3 Density (Test Methods D1298 and D4052)The den-sity of materials of similar volatility is dependent on thechemical composition, and in the case of quenching oils, theFIG. 6 Actual Cool
