1、Designation: C896 17Standard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,Standard Strength, and Perforated2
3、. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board,department, or agency established and authorized by a state,county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law toadminister and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from beddingto fini
4、shed surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initialbackfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top ofbedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place inthe trench.barrelthe cylindrical p
5、ortion of a vitrified clay pipe exclu-sive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, asdetermined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determinefield supporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, consolidation, andco
6、nfiguration, as designed to support, and to develop fieldsupporting strength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting,designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with acomplimentary pipe end or adju
7、st to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating aninternal separation.bodySee pipe body.bouldera particle of rock that will not pass a 12-in.(305-mm) square opening.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the locationwhere a small piece of the unit material has
8、 been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting essen-tially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when suffi-ciently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreouswhen fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression joint.cobblea particle of rock that wi
9、ll pass a 12-in. (305-mm)square opening and be retained on a 3-in. (76-mm) U.S.standard pactiondensification of soil by means of pression couplingSee compression pression diska disk of compressible material placedbetween the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose ofdistributing the jacking pression j
10、ointa joint designed so that a sealing action isobtained by compressing elastomeric components.conduita pipe for conveying fluid.consolidationthe gradual reduction in volume of backfillmatter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which allvolatile components have been v
11、aporized, and repeatedexposure to a specified temperature, for any period of time,causes no change in weight.controlled low strength material (CLSM)flowable lowcompressive strength cementitious material used in the pipezone as a bedding material. Also referred to as controlleddensity fill, flowable
12、fill, slurry, or lean concrete.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 onEditorial.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition app
13、roved in 2015 as C896 15. DOI:10.1520/C0896-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM
14、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1crackan irregular separation with well-defined sharp edgesvisible on the surface of a pipe.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is determined bydepth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well
15、as unitweight and character of backfill material.drainsa piping system used to collect and carry off surfaceand ground water.encasementspecial materials, their placement and configu-ration which are designed to fully surround the pipe, anddevelop a field supporting strength which exceeds thatdevelop
16、ed by other commonly used installation and beddingtechniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test sectionduring a specified time period.faceto cover with a new surface.filter blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of proprietaryconfiguration, designed to underbed the media in trickl
17、ingfilters.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flux content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc.used in the installation of vitrified clay pipelines.floodinga means of compacting trench backfill by theintroduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load be
18、aring firedclay unit, normally used for conveying hot gases in chim-neys.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which afragment has been broken. It is distinguished by well-definedfracture faces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meetthe surface of the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused
19、 coating.haunchthe areas bordered by the barrel outside diameter, thevertical tangents from the pipe springline and the horizontaltangents from the bottom of the pipe. See detail:haunchingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable tool toplace and consolidate the bedding material in the haunch to(
20、1) ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and (2)provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe, which isessential for the total load factor to be realized.hot facethe interior surface of a chimney that is exposed tothe elevated temperatures of the flue gasses.inch-pound unitsthe un
21、its of length, area, volume, weight,and temperature in common use in the United States at thepresent time. These include, but are not limited to: (1)lengthfeet, inches, and fractional inches, (2) areasquarefeet and square inches, (3) volumecubic feet, cubic inches,gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpoun
22、ds and ounces, and (5)temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting frommanufacturing or processing operations.infiltrationthe quality of ground water entering the testsection during a specified time period.initial backfilllocation for placement of selected mate
23、rial,native or import, extending from the top of the beddingmaterial to an elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jackinga method of installing pipe by the trenchless methodusing equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force applied to the pipe along the longi-tudinal axis of the pip
24、eline by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the intro-duction of water under pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual length of pipe, or the means of closure toform a pipeline.laminationa stratification of the material in the plane of thewall of a unit.lea
25、chateliquid drainage normally associated with contami-nated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of the load transmitted to pipe fromwheel or tread impacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics ofsufficient similarity that individual specimens selected fromthat gr
26、oup may be considered representative of the wholegroup.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking thepipe behind a remotely controlled, steerable, laser guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous sup-port to the excavated face under various geotechnical con-ditions incl
27、uding the presence of groundwater.migrationthe movement of soil into adjacent material.mitered fittingsfittings manufactured by using beveled pipesegments.mitered pipeSee beveled pipe.C896 172nominal diameterreferences the internal diameter in nameonly to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small sol
28、id bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pipe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay materials fromwhich vitrified clay pipe is made.pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are brokenby mechanical fracturing from either inside or outside withthe remains being
29、pushed into the surrounding soil whilesimultaneously inserting a new pipeline of equal or largerdiameter.pipelinepipes joined to provide a conduit through whichfluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by means of poles,a mixture of soil and sufficient water to leave a puddle on thesurface
30、.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or group of pieces selected from a lot andused to determine whether the product complies with thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samples from a lot for use intesting.sealing elementa separate or bonded material betw
31、een thesleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga method of isolating and testing portionsof an installed pipeline to determine the location of an airloss in excess of the standard.segmented testinga method of testing vitrified clay pipeusing segmented bearings as detailed in Test Meth
32、od C301.selected materialfinely divided material free of debris,organic material, and large stones.sewagewaste matter carried off by sewers.sewergenerally, an underground conduit usually carryingwaste matter in a liquid medium.sewer lineSee sewer.sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in Specifi
33、cationC700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal ofsewage.shalea thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay withwell-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.shovel slicingutilizing a shovel, spade, or other suitable toolto place and consolidate the bedding material in the hau
34、nchto (1) ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and(2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe,which is essential for the total load factor to be realized.sleevea coupling which contains or compresses the sealingelement and meets the requirements of the standard. Thesleeve m
35、ay be affixed to one end of the pipe at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting new pipe into an existingpipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed toaccept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or politicalsubdivision charged
36、 with and having the responsibility forthe design of a facility, product, equipment, or materialrequirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be testedand the test results to be reported.spigotthat portion of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bellor socket of the preceding pipe
37、.spring linethe line of maximum horizontal dimension of thetransverse cross section.suitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded34 to14in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of onefracture face, or other angular, non-consolidating beddingmaterials not subject to migration.superimposed
38、 loadload imposed by travel over, or bymaterial brought and placed over the trench area, after pipeinstallation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurringon the surface.test sectionthe portion of pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to betested and
39、 the test results reported, or which is to be preparedfor further testing, and the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and beddingwhich supports the pipe bedding structure.trickling filtera facility for the waste waters which utilizesa flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaid
40、ed eyevisual inspection, without the use of specialequipment or enhancement excepting the use of correctivelenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays orcombinations thereof which are shaped, dried, and fired to apoint where the glass-forming components fuse to form abond between the cr
41、ystalline grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filter block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clayfilter block.C896 173This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised
42、, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may a
43、ttend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States
44、. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 174
