1、TEM-4专题讲座 语法专项,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,教学大纲对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级的要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、
2、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句。,综观这近几年考题，可发现： 1语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。 2语法考试的重点突出，语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。 3具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,考点具体表现为：1）虚拟语气的考点为：would ratherthat从句一般过去时：It is vital neces
3、sary important urgent imperative desirable advisable natural essentialthat动词原形；It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时：proposalsuggestionthat动词原形；lestthatshould动词原形；if onlythatwould动词原形。,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由even ifso，now that
4、，for all等引导的让步状语从句；justhardly.when引导的时间状语从句；more than，as.as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。 4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。,一、英语专业四级语法考试概况介绍,二、语法专项,虚拟语气 比较级 情态动词和倒装 主谓一致 非谓语动词 从句 其它,虚拟语气,一、虚拟语气的规则用法：三种基本形式,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,1、 wou
5、ld rather + that，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。I would rather you told her the truth. Id rather you came tomorrow.,2、 if only 如果，要是.就好了，if only + that，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。 有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气： a. 如果该句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时或would do。 b. 如果该句子表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,Look at the terrible situation I am in! If
6、only I _ your advice.A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve,B,D,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,Note: only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。I wake up onl
7、y if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。 If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,3、当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。a. 表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move. move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气 b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request
8、, desire. c. 表示指挥、命令的：order, command, direct. d. 表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,I insist that we_ (go) there by bus. He suggested that we _ (leave) early. The judge ordered that the prisoner_ (be) sentenced to 30 days in jail.,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,4、it is + 第3点中动词的过去分词 + that引导的从句。 这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）
9、+ 动词原形。 以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）,anxious, crucial, improper, impossible, natural, urgent, vital, willing。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. 虚拟语气 A were not played B not
10、 to play C not be played D did not play,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,C,5、 第三点中动词相应的名词形式 + that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气， 谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。 经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion. My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.,二、虚
11、拟语气的特殊应用：,6、以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。 or (表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非), 当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。 含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的： lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在条件下)，它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,The storm delayed
12、us. But for the storm we would have been in time. I used my calculator; otherwise Id have taken much longer. Supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say? Without your timely help, my daughter would have drowned.,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,7、it is (high) time 是.的时候了。 这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high ti
13、me / it is about time. 这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时或用should加动词原形来体现虚拟语气,但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,8、注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。 a. 四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.它们的否定或者疑问形式
14、后面加句子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。 I dont believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也会被骗。 b. it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪 以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,9. I wish + that 用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,I wish I were as
15、tall as you.(从句动作先于主句动词动作 ) 我希望和你一样高 He wished he hadnt said that. (从句动作与主句动作同时发生) 他希望他没讲那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. (将来不大可能实现的愿望) 我希望明天下雨就好了。,二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：,错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。If you had asked him yesterd
16、ay, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).,三、错综时态的虚拟语气：,1. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. A wouldnt be smiling B couldnt have smiled C wont smile D didnt smile 2. If you had st
17、udied the problem carefully yesterday, _. A you wont find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now 3. He would be studying at the university now if he _ the entrance examination. A passed B have p
18、assed C had passed D should have passed,三、错综时态的虚拟语气：,A,C,C,4. It is a shame that he _ that poor little girl! A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving 5. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _ her sons sleep. A would interfere with B had interfered withC inter
19、fered with D should interfere with lest(以免，防备) 后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是： （should）+ 动词原形,三、错综时态的虚拟语气：,B,D,虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If
20、 you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.,四、虚拟条件句的倒装：,注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all rig
21、ht. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。 典型例题 _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提 前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句 中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.,四、虚拟条件句的倒装：,C,比较级,在四级测试中，比
22、较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有： 1）比较级形式的判断：比较级考题在设计干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择，more than 与as/so as的选择。 The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as There are few electronic applications _ to raise fears regarding fut
23、ure employment opportunities than robots. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely,一、比较级的测试特点：,D,B,2）比较级的修饰语：包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前。 Radio, television and press _ of conveying news and information.A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means C. are t
24、he three most common means D. are three the most common means If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, _ would be getting sick. A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us Americans eat _ as they actually need every day. A. twice as much protein B. twi
25、ce protein as much twice C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much,一、比较级的测试特点：,C,D,A,比较级前加not，表示前者不如后者，与not asas相当；比较级前加no是对两者的否定，意为“和一样不”，与neithernor或“as+相反意义的形容词或副词+as”相当。如： He is not taller than me. 他不如我高。 He is no taller than me. 他同我一样不高。(即一样矮) His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如
26、我的英语好。 His English is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差),not +比较级+ than / no +比较级+ than,两者均可表示数量，前者表示“仅仅”、“只不过”，强调少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”。如： This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只需30分钟。 For thirty years, he had done no more than he had needed to. 30年来，他只干了他需要干的工作。 He has not more than t
27、hree children. 他最多 3 个孩子(有或许还不到 3 个之意)。,no more than与not more than,两者均可用于比较，前者表示对两者都否定，意为“同一样不”(=neither . nor)；而后者则指两者虽都具有某种特征，但程度不同，意为“不如”、“不及”(= not so . as)。如： He is no more a writer than a painter. 他不是画家，也不是作家。(= He is neither a painter nor a writer.) This book is not more difficult than that o
28、ne. 这本书不比那本书更难。(This book is not so difficult as that one.),no morethan与not morethan,no less than 与not less than,表示均可表示数量，前者意为“多达”、“有之多”，强调多；后者表示“不下于”、“至少”。如： He paid no less than $10,000 for it. 他为此付了10000多美元。 He paid not less than $10,000 for it. 他为此付的钱不下10000美元。 有时两者都可译为“至少”，但no less than语气比not l
29、ess than要夸张，表示所涉及的数量比预料的要多，其用法可比较其反义结构no more than（只不过，只有），用于强调少。,no more than 与 no lessthan,前者意为“与一样不”，否定两者；而后者则表示“和一样”，肯定两者。如： Shes no more a great singer than I am. 他不是优秀歌手，我也不是。 Your brother is no less wise than you. 你的兄弟跟你一样聪明。,not any more than,Fat cannot change into muscle _ muscle changes in
30、to fat. A.any more than B.no more than C.no less than D.much more than,“两者都不 ” ; “不 也不 ”He is not a poet any more than I am anovelist. 他不是诗人正如我不是小说家一样。,other than/rather than,other than 意思是：不同于，除之外；rather than意思是：而不是。,In no country _Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the c
31、ourse of a single day. A) other than B) more than C) better than D) rather than 除了在英国，一个人不可能在其它国家在一天内经历四季。,A,与 as 有关的结构 (1),She did her work _ her manager had instructed. A. as B.until C.when D.though,As 作连词,与 as 有关的结构 (2),Fool _ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.A.who B.as C.that D.like
32、,As 引出让步状语时,要求句子部分倒装。,It is not so much the language _ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand. (99/45)A.but B.nor C.as D.like,与 as 有关的结构 (3),not so much A as B: 与其说是A，倒不如说是B；不是 而是 ,Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. Lets discuss only such questions as concern
33、 everyone of us. He opposed the idea, as could be expected. As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.,as 引起定语从句,与 as 有关的结构 (4),情态动词,情态动词的测试要点 1）情态动词的基本用法。 2）情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法。 3）情态动词的推测性用法。,情态动词,情态动词的应对策略 1）情态动词自身结构要正确 结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情态动词后接原形动词. 2）注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情
34、态动词使用的句型是否与题干句型一致。 must只用于肯定句中, 其否定形式为can/could not。 may/might不能用于疑问句中。 另外还应注意cant表示“不可能“，may not表示“可能不“。,情态动词,情态动词的应对策略 3）考试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, cant用而不是may, may not。 He cant have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person. Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited.,情
35、态动词的应对策略 其它“情态动词+ 动词的完成形式”并不表示推测，而分别表示： could have done本来能够 He didnt take part in the competition, he _ though. A. won B. didnt win C. could win D. could have wonneednt have done 本来没不要 You _. There was plenty of time. A. neednt hurry B. cant hurry C. mustnt have hurried D. neednt have hurried,情态动词,情
36、态动词的应对策略 其它“情态动词+ 动词的完成形式”并不表示推测，而分别表示： should/ought to have done 本来应该 You _ me earlier. I could have helped you. A. should tell me B. should have told C. need to tell D. neednt have toldshouldnt/oughtnt to have done 本来不应该 You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. A. shouldnt follow
37、B. mustnt follow C. couldnt have been following D. shouldnt have been following,情态动词,情态动词的应对策略 其它“情态动词+ 动词的完成形式”并不表示推测，而分别表示： might have done 本来应该（用来表示一种责备） You _ even though you were busy at that time. A. might help him B. must have helped him C. might have helped him D. should help him 这类题在设计干扰项时，
38、一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉及，应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。,情态动词,倒装,倒装测试范围和应对策略 倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部分倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。 1） 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。 如：hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only but also, neither nor等。如果
39、是在从句的句首，则从句倒装。 We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use,A,倒装,2） Only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。 Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如： Only when the war was over was he able to get happily
40、back to work. 3）Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示“也/也不” Not until the game had begun _at the sports ground. A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive C. should he have arrived The organization had broken no rules, but _ had it acted responsibly. A. neither B. so C. either D. both,C,A,4）There/her
41、e/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首，要全部倒装。如 There stands a monument in the center of the square. Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor. 5）现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成“分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如： Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl. Glooming in the test tube on the table w
42、as the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium.,倒装,6） so/such. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。 So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.,倒装,主谓一致,主谓一致易错点归纳,1、不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性
43、从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Remember /To remember English words is not easy. 记英语单词不容易。 Who will do the job hasnt been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。 注：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。如： What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。,主谓一致易错点归纳,2、“名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but
44、,except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语”作主语时，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。如： Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema. 李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。 No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外，没有一个人迟到。 Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret. 是
45、李明透露了那个消息而不是他的同学透露的。,主谓一致易错点归纳,3、“more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。 Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。 注：“More+复数名词 than one”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。如： More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。,主谓一致易错点归纳,4、“一两个”，用“one or two
46、+名词复数”表达时，谓语用复数；用“a(an) +名词单数or two”表达时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： One or two days are enough for them. =A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。,主谓一致易错点归纳,5、and连接两个名词一起作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如： Lily and Kite are kind to me. 莉莉和凯特都对我很好。 但是，当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征是and后的名词前无任何冠词) ，谓语动词用单数形式。如： The teacher
47、and writer has come. 那个教师兼作家已经来了。 注：当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有no，each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多教师和学生都看过这部电影。,主谓一致易错点归纳,6、不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, nobody, anything
48、, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each, every修饰的名词做主语，尽管有些表达复数意义，但是，它们的谓语应该用单数形式。如： Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗？ Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。 None knows the weight of anothers burden. 见人挑担不吃力。,主谓一致易错点归纳,7、neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如： None of them has/h
49、ave been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。 不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。,主谓一致易错点归纳,8、在定语从句中，当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。如： The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。 Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗？ I, who am a new teacher, will teach you English. 我，一个新教师，将教你们英语。,
