1、BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 7404-1:2016 Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 1: VocabularyBS ISO 7404-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7404-1:2016. It supersedes BS 6127-1:1995 which is withdrawn. The UK participation
2、 in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for
3、its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 88384 2 ICS 01.040.73; 73.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Stand
4、ards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affectedBS ISO 7404-1:2016 ISO 2016 Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 1: Vocabulary Mthodes danalyse ptrographique des charbons Partie 1: Vocabulaire INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
5、 ISO 7404-1 Third edition 2016-04-01 Reference number ISO 7404-1:2016(E)BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced o
6、r utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO c
7、opyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions . 1 2.1 General terms . 1 2.2 Optical microscopy
8、terms 2 2.3 Petrographic terms 3 3 Classification of mac er als, micr olithotypes and car bominerit es 4 3.1 Macerals 4 3.2 Microlithotypes 4 3.3 Carbominerites . 5 Bibliography 6 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents PageBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organ
9、ization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establish
10、ed has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
11、 The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with th
12、e editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any pate
13、nt rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For
14、 an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for
15、this document is ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 5, Methods of analysis. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7404-1:1994), which has been technically revised. ISO 7404 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods for the petrographic an
16、alysis of coals: Part 1: Vocabulary Part 2: Method of preparing coal samples Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition Part 4: Method of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerite composition Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitriniteiv ISO 2
17、016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E) Introduction Petrographic analyses have been recognized internationally as important in the context of the genesis, vertical and lateral variation, continuity, metamorphism and usage of coal. The International Committee for Coal and Organic
18、 Petrology (ICCP) has made recommendations concerning nomenclature and analytical methods and has described in detail the characteristics of a wide range of coals 345 . The text of this part of ISO 7404 agrees substantially with the text of the relevant ICCP publications and incorporates many useful
19、 comments made by members of the ICCP and by member bodies of ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. Petrographic analyses of a single coal provide information about the rank, the maceral and microlithotype compositions and the distribution of minerals in the coal. The reflectance of vitrinite is a useful
20、measure of coal rank and the distribution of the reflectance of vitrinite in a coal blend, together with a maceral group analysis, can provide information about important chemical and technological properties of the blend. ISO 7404 is concerned with the methods of petrographic analysis currently emp
21、loyed in characterizing coal in the context of its technological and/or geological use. It establishes a system for petrographic analysis and comprises five parts, as follows: Part 1: Vocabulary; Part 2: Method of preparing coal samples; Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition; Part
22、4: Method of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerite composition; Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite. The definitions given are intended for use solely in connection with the generally accepted international methods of petrographic analysis of c
23、oal described in the other parts of ISO 7404. The petrographic terms listed herein are those used by the ICCP and ISO. They do not include terms such as, for example, pseudovitrinite, semi-vitrinite and semi-inertinite which refer to types of maceral with particular properties, but which are sometim
24、es difficult to define. Such terms may be considered important for specific applications, but their wider use is not recommended. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7404-1:2016BS ISO 7404-1:2016Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 1: Vocabulary 1 Scope This part of ISO 7404 defines
25、terms that are used in connection with both maceral and microlithotype analyses, and with the determination of the reflectance of vitrinite. It applies to the terms used in the examination of coal of all ranks. This part of ISO 7404 is not intended to be a comprehensive glossary of coal petrographic
26、 terminology, nor does it attempt to provide sufficient information to allow recognition of all the coal components described. Further information may be obtained from the relevant ICCP publications 345 . 2 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitio
27、ns apply. 2.1 General terms 2.1.1 coal combustible sedimentary rock formed from bio- and geochemically altered plant remains (peat) consolidated under superimposed strata Note 1 to entry: The characteristics of different coals are due to differences in source plant material, in the conditions and th
28、e degree of change that the material has undergone in its geological history and in the range of impurities present. Coal composition can be characterized microscopically by maceral and microlithotype compositions. 2.1.2 c o a l i f ic at ion process by which sedimented plant remains are transformed
29、 into coal (2.1.1) Note 1 to entry: This process is characterized by an increase in the carbon content in the plant remains and a decrease in the yield of volatile matter from the plant remains. As coalification proceeds, the reflectances (2.2.1) of the macerals (2.3.1) increase. Vitrinite is used a
30、s a reference material for the determination of the rank (2.1.3) of coal because its reflectance increases uniformly with the extent of coalification. 2.1.3 rank position of a coal (2.1.1) in the coalification (2.1.2) series from low rank coal (2.1.4) to high rank coal (2.1.6), indicating maturity i
31、n terms of chemical and physical properties 2.1.4 low rank coal coals (2.1.1) of low rank that, in their natural state, are characterized by high inherent moisture content, high volatile matter content, low calorific value and a low vitrinite reflectance Note 1 to entry: Low rank coals were formerly
32、 often referred to as lignite (now low rank A and B) and subbituminous coal (now low rank C). Regionally, also terms like brown coal were used for coals with a vitrinite reflectance below 0,5 % R r . Note 2 to entry: They are non-agglommerating. INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 7404-1:2016(E) ISO 2016 Al
33、l rights reserved 1BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E) Note 3 to entry: See ISO 11760. 2.1.5 medium rank coal general descriptive term for coal (2.1.1) between high rank coal (2.1.6) and low rank coal (2.1.4) Note 1 to entry: The vitrinites in all coals of medium rank melt and form semi-coke when c
34、oal is heated in the absence of oxygen above 360 C to 380 C. Medium rank coals were formerly referred to as bituminous coals. Their vitrinte reflectance, R r%, lies between 0,5 % and 2 %. Note 2 to entry: See ISO 11760. 2.1.6 high rank coal coal (2.1.1) of high rank, with a low volatile matter conte
35、nt and a semi-metallic lustre, and which does not soften or swell when heated Note 1 to entry: High rank coals were formerly referred to as anthracites. Their vitrinte reflectance, R r%, lies between 2 % and 6 % 1 . 2.2 Optical microscopy terms 2.2.1 r e f le c t a nc e percentage of the near-normal
36、 incident light reflected from a polished surface of a coal maceral Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this part of ISO 7404, reflectance refers to measurements made on coal under oil immersion. 2.2.2 m a x i m u m r e f l e c t a n c e highest value of reflectance (2.2.1) obtained when any polishe
37、d section of a particle or lump of coal (2.1.1) is rotated in its own plane in linearly polarized light 2.2.3 r a ndom r e f le c t a nc e reflectance (2.2.1) of any polished section of a particle or a lump of coal (2.1.1) when determined in non- polarized light without rotation of the specimen Note
38、 1 to entry: The term “random reflectance” has replaced the old terms “mean reflectance” and “average reflectance” to avoid confusion, mainly with the use of ”mean” for data presenting the mean of the required number of reflectance readings as in, for example, ”mean random reflectance”. 2.2.4 p a r
39、a s i t ic r e f le c t ion percentage of the incident light reaching the measuring device from lens boundary faces and other reflecting surfaces in the microscope 2.2.5 re f l ec t an c e st an dard polished surface of an isotropic material of known reflectance (2.2.1) which is used for calibrating
40、 reflectance measuring equipment 2.2.6 zero standard non-reflecting standard used for calibrating reflectance-measuring equipment2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E) 2.2.7 particulate block solid block consisting of particles of crushed coal (2.1.1) representative of th
41、e sample when prepared accordingly, bound in resin, cast in a mould and with one face ground and polished Note 1 to entry: See Reference 4. 2.2.8 lump section piece of coal (2.1.1) of size suitable for polishing and examination under the microscope Note 1 to entry: One face of the lump section, usua
42、lly that perpendicular to the bedding plane, is ground and polished. 2.2.9 point area overlain by the intersection of the cross hair in the eyepiece graticule or on the computer monitor during microscopical analysis 2.3 Petrographic terms 2.3.1 maceral microscopically recognizable organic constituen
43、t of coal (2.1.1) analogous to the minerals of inorganic rocks, but differing from them in that macerals have no characteristic crystal form and are not constant in chemical composition Note 1 to entry: The macerals are distinguished from one another microscopically on the basis of their differences
44、 in such properties as reflectance (2.2.1), colour, fluorescence, morphology, size and hardness. They originate from the remains of different tissues of plants and their physical and chemical properties change as coalification (2.1.2) proceeds. Macerals are grouped into maceral groups and sub-groups
45、 and can be further differentiated into maceral varieties (see Table 3). 2.3.2 microlithotype naturally occurring maceral (2.3.1) or association of macerals with a minimum layer width of 50 m Note 1 to entry: See also 3.2. 2.3.3 minerals in coal natural inorganic constituents visible during microsco
46、pical examination Note 1 to entry: Minerals are determined on a volume basis as part of a maceral analysis. 2.3.4 mineral matter in coal inorganic material, except moisture Note 1 to entry: Mineral matter is calculated on a mass basis either from a direct determination at low temperature or from the
47、 ash yield at high temperature. 2.3.5 carbominerite collective term for intergrowths of minerals and macerals (2.3.1) Note 1 to entry: See also 3.3. 2.3.6 minerite collective term for intergrowths of minerals with macerals (2.3.1) in which the proportion of minerals is more than 60 % by volume, or i
48、n which more than 20 % by volume of sulfide minerals is present ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E) 3 Classific ation of m ac er als, micr olithotyp es and car bominerit es 3.1 Macerals Three maceral groups are recognized: vitrinite (and its low rank equivalent huminit
49、e), liptinite and inertinite. Maceral groups and their sub-divisions are shown in Table 1. T a b l e 1 M a c e r a l s a s d e f i n e d i n t h e I C C P 1 9 9 4 S y s t e m Maceral group Maceral sub-group Maceral Maceral variety Vitrinite/ huminite Telovitrinite/ telohuminite Telinite Tex tinite Collotelinite Ulminite Detrovitrinite/ detrohuminite Vitrodetrinite Attrinite Collodetrinite Densinite Gelovitrinite/ gelohuminite Corpogelinite Corpohuminite Gelinite Gelinite Inertinite Not sub-groups sensu stric
