1、BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 7503-2:2016 Measurement of radioactivity - Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samplesBS ISO 7503-2:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7503-2:2016. The UK p
2、articipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract
3、. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 81280 4 ICS 13.280 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the autho
4、rity of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7503-2:2016 ISO 2016 Measurement of radioactivity - Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe-test sample
5、s Mesurage de la radioactivit Mesurage et valuation de la contamination de surface Partie 2: Mthode dessai utilisant des chantillons dessai de frottis INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7503-2 Second edition 2016-01-15 Reference number ISO 7503-2:2016(E)BS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All ri
6、ghts reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet
7、 or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 cop
8、yrightiso.org www.iso.orgBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions, s ymbols and abbr e viations . 2 3.1 Terms and definitions . 2 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 3 4 Sources of surface contamination 3 5 Objecti v
9、es of the surfac e c ontamination e v aluation . 4 6 Strategy. 4 7 Methods for evaluating surface contamination . 4 8 Wipe test material . 5 9 Instrumentation 5 9.1 General . 5 9.2 Liquid scintillation counters . 6 10 Calibr ation 6 10.1 Calibration of installed instruments. 6 10.2 Calibration of po
10、rtable instruments . 6 11 Guidelines on wipe test sampling . 6 11.1 General . 6 11.2 Guidelines on sampling removable tritium contamination . 7 12 Measurement procedure 7 13 Evaluation of measurement data. 8 13.1 Calculation of the activity per unit area for measurement results of installed instrume
11、nts 8 13.2 Calculation of the activity per unit area for measurement results of portable instruments 9 13.3 Application of ISO 11929 . 9 14 Wipe test uncertainties . 9 15 Test report . 9 Bibliogr aph y .11 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents PageBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E) Foreword IS
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18、committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7503-2:1988), which has been technically revised. I
19、SO 7503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples Part 3: Apparatus calibrationiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO
20、7503-2:2016(E) Introduction ISO 7503 gives guidance on the measurement of surface contamination. This International Standard is applicable to many situations where radioactive contamination can occur. Contamination arises from the release of radioactivity into the local environment. In most circumst
21、ances, the release is inadvertent but, on occasion, may be deliberate. Although the purpose and scope of the investigation may differ, the approaches taken to measure the levels and extent of the contamination are essentially similar. Radioactive contamination can arise from a number of activities o
22、r events such as the following: routine laboratory use of radiochemicals; medical treatments; industrial applications; transport accidents; equipment malfunctions; malevolent incidents; nuclear accidents. Without process knowledge or documentation, it is not always possible to identify or distinguis
23、h the different radionuclides constituting a surface contamination, and the evaluation of such contamination cannot be made on a quantitative basis. Instead of using instruments with nuclide specific calibrations, it may be necessary to use other instruments which are fit for such a purpose. However
24、, there may be cases (e.g. a contaminated fuel material transport container) where the radionuclide or the radionuclide mixture can be clearly characterized. A surface contamination evaluation exceeding a pure qualitative assessment of fixed and removable surface contamination may then be needed. Mo
25、reover, following requirements laid down in national regulations and in international conventions, a measured surface contamination activity per unit area has to be compared with surface contamination guideline values or surface contamination limits. Surface contamination guideline values are radion
26、uclide-specific and thus require complex radionuclide-specific calibrations of measurement equipment. Calibration quality assurance is crucial in order to avoid non-detection (i.e. type II decision errors) leading to incorrectly assuming compliance with given surface contamination guideline values o
27、r limits. Evaluation of surfaces contaminated by a mixture of radionuclides with known ratios requires respectively proportionated calibration factors. ISO 7503 is concerned with the measurement and estimation of radioactivity levels. It does not provide advice on decommissioning, planning and surve
28、illance techniques. Surface contamination is specified in terms of activity per unit area and the limits are based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 103). This part of ISO 7503 deals with the evaluation of surface contamination by indirect measur
29、ement using a wipe test. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7503-2:2016BS ISO 7503-2:2016Measurement of radioactivity - Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples 1 Scope ISO 7503 (all parts) and ISO 8769 are addressed to the people responsible
30、for measuring the radioactivity present on solid surfaces. This part of ISO 7503 applies to the evaluation of contamination on surfaces in terms of activity per unit area by an indirect method of measurement. This part of ISO 7503 is applicable to well-defined surfaces, such as those of equipment an
31、d facilities, containers of radioactive materials, sealed sources and buildings or land. This part of ISO 7503 can be used for laboratory and equipment/installation control and for remediation and monitoring activities to comply with release criteria. This part of ISO 7503 also refers to institution
32、s/authorities controlling nuclear material transports or material/equipment clearance according to national legislation guideline values or international convention limits. This part of ISO 7503 does not apply to contamination of the skin, clothing or loose material, such as gravel. NOTE Direct eval
33、uation of surface contamination from alpha-emitters, beta-emitters and photon emitters is dealt with in ISO 7503-1. The calibration of instruments for the evaluation of radioactive surface contaminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-3. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part
34、, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 8769, Reference sources Calibration of surface
35、contamination monitors Alpha-, beta- and photon emitters ISO 9698, Water quality Determination of tritium activity concentration Liquid scintillation counting method ISO 11929, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for
36、measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and application ISO 18589-2, Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 2: Guidance for the selection of the sampling strategy, sampling and pre-treatment of samples ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and c
37、alibration laboratories IEC 60325, Radiation protection instrumentation Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy 60 keV) contamination meters and monitors INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 7503-2:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E) 3 T erms a nd definiti ons, s ymbols
38、 and abb r e viations 3.1 T erms and definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions and those given in ISO 7503-1 apply. 3.1.1 r e m o v a b l e s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n radioactive material that can be removed from surfaces by non-destructive mean
39、s, including casual contact, wiping, or washing Note 1 to entry: It should be noted that under the influence of moisture, chemicals, etc., or as a result of corrosion or diffusion, fixed contamination may become removable or vice versa without any human action. Furthermore, surface contaminations ma
40、y decrease due to evaporation and volatilization. Note 2 to entry: It should be emphasized that the ratio between fixed and removable contamination can vary over time, and that some decisions, such as those related to clearance, should be based on total activity with the potential to become removabl
41、e over time, not just the amount that is removable at the time of a survey. 3.1.2 wipe test test to determine if removable contamination is present through wiping the surface with a dry or wet material, followed by evaluation of the wipe material for removable contamination Note 1 to entry: The type
42、 of wipe test, wet or dry, needs to be assessed by a competent person. In some instances (e.g. tritium contamination) a wet wipe may be preferred. In others, it may be more practical or advisable to use a dry wipe. 3.1.3 w ipi n g ef f ic ienc y ratio of the activity of the radionuclides removed fro
43、m the surface by one wipe sample to the activity of the radionuclides of the removable surface contamination prior to this sampling Note 1 to entry: The wiping efficiency is defined by the following relationship: a a where a R is the activity of the radionuclides removed by wipe test; a T is the tot
44、al removable activity of the radionuclides present on the wiped area. Note 2 to entry: In practice, it is almost impossible to measure the total amount of removable activity on the surface; and in most cases, a value for “wiping efficiency” cannot be assessed but can only be estimated. Note 3 to ent
45、ry: For important combinations of contaminant and surface material, the wiping efficiency can be determined experimentally using the method of “exhaustive removal by repetitive wipe tests”. The step-by-step addition of the removed activities results in an approximation of the total removable activit
46、y (a T ), to which the activity removed by the first wipe test (a R ) can then be related to yield the wiping efficiency. Note 4 to entry: The method of “exhaustive removal by repetitive wipe tests” is only applicable if it can be guaranteed that exactly the same area is wiped on each occasion and e
47、xactly the same pressure is maintained uniformly over the area wiped. Moreover, results of this method are only valid for a specific nature and structure of a surface and are not transferable to other surface structures. 3.1.4 tritium surface contamination total activity of tritium adsorbed upon and
48、 absorbed into the surface2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-2:2016ISO 7503-2:2016(E) 3.1.5 r e m o v a b l e t r i t i u m s u r f a c e c o n t a m i n a t i o n fraction of surface contamination which is removable or transferable under normal working conditions Note 1 to entry: It should b
49、e noted that a) under external influences of a chemical nature (e.g. moisture, corrosion) or of a physical nature (e.g. ambient pressure or temperature changes, vibration, impact, expansion and contraction), and also as a result of diffusion, the total tritium activity may be transformed into removable contamination or non-removable. The state is reversible multiple times, b) tritium surface contamination may be volatile or contain volatile fractions which may volatilize under normal working conditi
