1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 8178-9:2012 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke
2、 emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditionsBS ISO 8178-9:2012 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 8178-9:2012. It supersedes BS ISO 8178-9:2000, which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was
3、entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e M C E / 1 4 / - / 3 , R I C e n g i n e s - E m i s s i o n s . A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
4、 Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012 ISBN 978 0 580 70772 8 ICS 13.040.50; 27.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under
5、the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012. Amendments issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 8178-9:2012 ISO 2012 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed meas
6、urement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Moteurs alternatifs combustion interne Mesurage des missions de gaz dchappement Partie 9: Cycles et procdures dessai pour le mesurage au banc dessai des missions de fumes de gaz dchappement
7、des moteurs alternatifs combustion interne allumage par compression fonctionnant en rgime transitoire INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-9 Second edition 2012-08-15 Reference number ISO 8178-9:2012(E)BS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2
8、012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the co
9、untry of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1
10、 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 T erms and definitions . 2 4 Symbols and units 4 5 Test conditions . 5 5.1 Ambient test conditions 5 5.2 Power 5 5.3 Engine air inlet system 6 5.4 Engine exhaust system . 6 5.5 Cooling system 6 5.6 Lubricating oil 6 5.7 Engines with charge air cooling 6 5.8 Test
11、 fuel temperature 6 6 Test fuels 6 7 Measurement equipment and accuracy 7 7.1 General . 7 7.2 Dynamometer specification 7 7.3 Determination of smoke 7 7.4 Accuracy 9 8 Calibration of the opacimeter . 9 8.1 General . 9 8.2 Calibration procedure 9 9 Test run 9 9.1 Installation of the measuring equipme
12、nt 9 9.2 Checking of the opacimeter .10 9.3 Test cycle .10 9.4 Determination of effective optical path length (L A ) 10 10 Data evaluation and calculation 10 10.1 Data evaluation 10 10.2 Bessel algorithm 12 10.3 Ambient correction .13 10.4 Test report .14 11 Determination of smoke 14 11.1 General .1
13、4 1 1.2 Full-flow opacimeter .15 1 1.3 Partial-flow-opacimeter 16 Annex A (normative) Test cycle for variable-speed off-road engines 19 Annex B (normative) Test cycle for constant-speed off-road engines 26 Annex C (informative) Remarks on test cycles 30 Annex D (informative) Example of calculation p
14、rocedure .31 Annex E (normative) Test cycle for marine propulsion engines .42 Annex F (normative) Test cycle for variable speed engines type F (rail traction) 48 Bibliography .52BS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fede
15、ration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that commi
16、ttee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordan
17、ce with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires
18、approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 8178-9 was prepared by Technical C
19、ommittee ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee SC 8, Exhaust gas emission measurement. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8178-9:2000, ISO 8178-9:2000/AMD 1:2004), which has been technically revised. ISO 8178 consists of the following parts, under the gene
20、ral title Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement: Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions under field conditions Part 3: Definitions and methods of measurement of exhaus
21、t gas smoke under steady-state conditions Part 4: Steady-state test cycles for different engine applications Part 5: Test fuels Part 6: Report of measuring results and test Part 7: Engine family determination Part 8: Engine group determination Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed mea
22、surement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 11: Test-bed measur
23、ement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions from engines used in nonroad mobile machinery under transient test conditions iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) Introduction On a global scale, there are currently many smoke measurement procedures in various forms.
24、 Some of these smoke measurement procedures are designed for test-bed testing and intended to be used for certification or type-approval purposes. Others are designed for field-testing and can be used in inspection and maintenance programmes. Different smoke measurement procedures exist to meet the
25、needs of various regulatory agencies and industries. The two methods typically used are the filter smokemeter method and the opacimeter. The purpose of ISO 8178 is to combine the key features of several existing smoke measurement procedures as much as technically possible. ISO 8178-4 specifies a num
26、ber of different test cycles to be used to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from nonroad engines. The test cycles in ISO 8178-4 were developed in recognition of the differing operating characteristics of various categories of nonroad machines. Likewise, different smoke test cycles can
27、be appropriate for different categories of nonroad engines and machines. Within ISO 8178-4 it was possible to characterize and control gaseous and particulate emissions from nonroad engines using a variety of steady-state operating points. To properly characterize and control smoke emissions from ma
28、ny engine applications a transient smoke test cycle is needed. This part of ISO 8178 is intended for the measurement of the emissions of smoke from compression ignition internal combustion engines. It applies to engines operating under transient conditions, where the engine speed or load, or both, c
29、hanges with time; note that the smoke emissions from typical well-maintained naturally- aspirated engines under transient conditions will generally be the same as the smoke emissions under steady- state conditions. Only opacimeter-type smokemeters are intended to be used for making the smoke measure
30、ments described in this part of ISO 8178, which allows the use of either full-flow or partial-flow opacimeters and corrects accounts for differences in response time between the two types of opacimeters, but does not account for any differences due to differences in temperatures at the sampling zone
31、. The test cycle described in Annex E is representative for those engines that are used in applications as described in the E1, E2, E3 and E5 cycles of ISO 8178-4:2007. The test cycle described in Annex F is representative for those engines that are used in applications as described in the F cycle o
32、f ISO 8178-4:2007. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 8178-9:2012BS ISO 8178-9:2012Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 9: Test cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating unde
33、r transient conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 8178 specifies the measurement procedures and test cycles for the evaluation of smoke emissions from compression ignition engines on the test bed. For transient smoke test cycles, smoke testing is conducted using smokemeters which operate on the light
34、extinction principle. The purpose of this part of ISO 8178 is to define the smoke test cycles and the methods used to measure and analyse smoke. Specifications for measurement of smoke using the light extinction principle can be found in ISO 11614. The test procedures and measurement techniques desc
35、ribed in Clauses 1 to 11 of this part of ISO 8178 are applicable to reciprocating internal combustion (RIC) engines in general. However, an engine application can only be evaluated using this part of ISO 8178 once the appropriate test cycle has been developed. Annexes A, B, E and F to this part of I
36、SO 8178 each contain a test cycle that is relevant only for those specific applications listed in the Scope of that annex. Where possible, the smoke test cycle described in the annex utilizes the engine and machine categories developed in ISO 8178-4. For certain categories of non-road engines “at si
37、te” rather than “test bed” smoke test procedures can prove to be necessary. For engines used in machinery covered by additional requirements (e.g. occupational health and safety regulations), additional test conditions and special evaluation methods can apply. 2 Normative references The following do
38、cuments, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 8178-4:2007, Recipr
39、ocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 4: Steady-state test cycles for different engine applications ISO 8178-5, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuels ISO 8178-6, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emis
40、sion measurement Part 6: Report of measuring results and test ISO 8178-7, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 7: Engine family determination ISO 8178-8, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 8: Engine group determination I
41、SO 8528-1, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets Part 1: Application, ratings and performance ISO 11614:1999, Reciprocating internal combustion compression-ignition engines Apparatus for measurement of the opacity and for determination of the light absor
42、ption coefficient of exhaust gas INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-9:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) 3 T erms and definitio ns For the purposes of this document the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 exhaust gas smoke visible suspension of solid and/o
43、r liquid particles in gases resulting from combustion or pyrolysis NOTE Black smoke (soot) is mainly comprised of carbon particles; blue smoke is usually due to droplets resulting from the incomplete combustion of fuel or lubricating oil; white smoke is usually due to condensed water and/or liquid f
44、uel; yellow smoke is caused by NO 2 . 3.2 transmittance fraction of light, expressed as a percentage, transmitted from a source through a smoke-obscured path and which reaches the observer or the instrument receiver 3.3 opacity N fraction of light, expressed as a percentage, transmitted from a sourc
45、e through a smoke-obscured path and which is prevented from reaching the observer or the instrument receiver NOTE N = 100 - 3.4 optical path length 3.4.1 effective optical path length L A length of the smoke-obscured optical path between the opacimeter light source and the receiver, expressed in met
46、res and corrected, as necessary, for non-uniformity due to density gradients and fringe effect NOTE Portions of the total light source to receiver path length which are not smoke obscured do not contribute to the effective optical path length. 3.4.2 standard effective optical path length L AS measur
47、ement used to ensure meaningful comparisons of quoted opacity values NOTE L ASvalues are defined in 10.1.4. 3.5 l i g h t a b so r p t i o n c o e f fi c i e n t k fundamental means of quantifying the ability of a smoke plume or smoke-containing gas sample to obscure light NOTE By convention, the li
48、ght absorption coefficient is expressed in reciprocal metres (m 1 ). The light absorption coefficient is a function of the number of smoke particles per unit gas volume, the size distribution of the smoke particles and the light absorption and scattering properties of the particles. In the absence o
49、f blue, white or yellow smoke or ash, the size distribution and the light absorption/scattering properties are similar for all diesel exhaust gas samples and the light absorption coefficient is primarily a function of the smoke particle density. 2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-9:2012ISO 8178-9:2012(E) 3.6 Beer-Lambert law mathematical equation describing the physical relationships between the light absorption coefficient (k), the smoke parameters of transmittance (
