1、BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 9869-1:2014 Thermal insulation Building elements In- situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Part 1: Heat flow meter methodBS ISO 9869-1:2014 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 9869-1:2014
2、. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/540/8, Mirror committee for ISO/TC 163 - Thermal Performance and Energy use in the built Environment. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication d
3、oes not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 82178 3 ICS 91.120.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fro
4、m legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2014. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 9869-1:2014 ISO 2014 Thermal insulation Building elements In-situ measureme
5、nt of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Part 1: Heat flow meter method Isolation thermique lments de construction Mesurage in situ de la rsistance thermique et du coefficient de transmission thermique Partie 1: Mthode du fluxmtre INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9869-1 First edition 2014-08-01
6、Reference number ISO 9869-1:2014(E)BS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
7、 mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22
8、749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandBS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units . 2 3.1 Terms an
9、d definitions . 2 3.2 Symbols and units 2 4 Apparatus . 4 4.1 Heat flow meter (HFM) 4 4.2 Temperature sensors . 4 5 Calibration procedure . 5 5.1 Calibration of the HFM . 5 5.2 Temperature sensors . 6 5.3 Measuring equipment . 7 6 Measurements . 7 6.1 Installation of the apparatus . 7 6.2 Data acqui
10、sition . 8 7 Analysis of the data 8 7.1 Average method . 8 7.2 Storage effects .10 7.3 Comparison of calculated and measured values .12 8 Corrections for the thermal resistance and the finite dimension of the HFM .12 9 Accuracy .12 10 Test report 13 Annex A (normative) Heat transfer at surfaces and
11、U-value measurement .15 Annex B (normative) Dynamic analysis method .18 Annex C (normative) Examination of the structure of the element 23 Annex D (informative) Perturbations caused by the heat flow meter 25 Annex E (informative) Checking the accuracy of the measurement system of heat flow rate .31
12、Annex F (informative) Heat storage effects .34 Bibliography .36BS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
13、carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the wo
14、rk. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the dif
15、ferent approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document
16、may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/pat
17、ents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO princ
18、iples in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment, Subcommittee SC 1, Test and measurement methods. This first edition cance
19、ls and replaces ISO 9869:1994, which has been technically revised. Annexes A, B and C form an integral part of this part of ISO 9869. Annexes D, E and F are for information only.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) Introduction The thermal transmittance of a building e
20、lement (U-value) is defined in ISO 7345 as the “Heat flow rate in the steady state divided by area and by the temperature difference between the surroundings on each side of a system”. In principle, the U-value can be obtained by measuring the heat flow rate through an element with a heat flow meter
21、 or a calorimeter, together with the temperatures on both sides of the element under steady- state conditions. However, since steady-state conditions are never encountered on a site in practice, such a simple measurement is not possible. But there are several ways of overcoming this difficulty: a) I
22、mposing steady-state conditions by the use of a hot and a cold box. This method is commonly used in the laboratory (ISO 8990) but is cumbersome in the field; b) Assuming that the mean values of the heat flow rate and temperatures over a sufficiently long period of time give a good estimate of the st
23、eady-state. This method is valid if: 1) the thermal properties of the materials and the heat transfer coefficients are constant over the range of temperature fluctuations occurring during the test; 2) the change of amount of heat stored in the element is negligible when compared to the amount of hea
24、t going through the element. This method is widely used but may lead to long periods of measurement and may give erroneous results in certain cases. c) Using a dynamic theory to take into account the fluctuations of the heat flow rate and temperatures in the analysis of the recorded data. NOTE The t
25、emperatures of the surroundings, used in the definition of the U-value, are not precisely defined in ISO 7345. Their exact definition depends on the subsequent use of the U-value and may be different in different countries (see Annex A). ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 9869-1:2014BS ISO 9869-1:
26、2014Thermal insulation Building elements In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Part 1: Heat flow meter method 1 Scope This part of ISO 9869 describes the heat flow meter method for the measurement of the thermal transmission properties of plane building components, prim
27、arily consisting of opaque layers perpendicular to the heat flow and having no significant lateral heat flow. The properties which can be measured are: a) the thermal resistance, R, and thermal conductance, , from surface to surface; b) the total thermal resistance, R T , and transmittance from envi
28、ronment to environment, U, if the environmental temperatures of both environments are well defined. The heat flow meter measurement method is also suitable for components consisting of quasi homogeneous layers perpendicular to the heat flow, provided that the dimensions of any inhomogeneity in close
29、 proximity to the heat flow meter (HFM) is much smaller than its lateral dimensions and are not thermal bridges which can be detected by infrared thermography (see 6.1.1). This part of ISO 9869 describes the apparatus to be used, the calibration procedure for the apparatus, the installation and the
30、measurement procedures, the analysis of the data, including the correction of systematic errors and the reporting format. NOTE 1 It is not intended as a high precision method replacing the laboratory instruments such as hot boxes that are specified in ISO 8990:1994. NOTE 2 For other components, an a
31、verage thermal transmittance may be obtained using a calorimeter or by averaging the results of several heat flow meter measurements. NOTE 3 In building with large heat capacities, the average thermal transmittance of a component can be obtained by measurement over an extended period, or the apparen
32、t transmittance of the part can be estimated by a dynamic analysis of its thermal absorption response (see Annex B). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only
33、the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6781:1983, Thermal insulation Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes Infrared method ISO 6946:2007, Building components and building
34、 elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method ISO 7345:1987, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 9869-1:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) ISO 8301:1991, Thermal insulation Determinatio
35、n of steady-state thermal resistance and related properties Heat flow meter apparatus ISO 8302:1991, Thermal insulation Determination of steady-state thermal resistance and related properties Guarded hot plate apparatus ISO 8990:1994, Thermal insulation Determination of steady-state thermal transmis
36、sion properties Calibrated and guarded hot box 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7345:1987 apply. 3.2 Symbols and units Symbol Quantity UnitR thermal resistance m 2 K/WR Ttotal thermal resistance
37、 m 2 K/WR siinternal surface thermal resistance m 2 K/WR seexternal surface thermal resistance m 2 K/W thermal conductance W/(m 2 K)U thermal transmittance W/(m 2 K) heat flow rate WA area m 2q density of heat flow rate =/A W/m 2T iinterior environmental (ambient) temperature C or K2 ISO 2014 All ri
38、ghts reservedBS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) Symbol Quantity UnitT eexterior environmental (ambient) temperature C or KT siinterior surface temperature of the building ele- ment C or KT seexterior surface temperature C or K density of a material kg/m 3d thickness of a layer mc specific heat cap
39、acity J/(kgK)C thermal capacity of a layer: C=cd J/(m 2 K)F i , F ecorrection factors calculated with Formula (8) to take into account the storage effects J/(m 2 K)E operational error (of an installed HFM) which is the relative error between the measured and the actual heat flow - NOTE The environme
40、ntal (ambient) temperatures shall correspond with those used in the definition adopted for the U-value (see Annex A). In the steady-state, the thermal properties of the elements have the following definitions: R is the thermal resistance of an element, surface to surface and is given by (1) where is
41、 the thermal conductance of the building element, surface to surface. U is the thermal transmittance of the element, environment to environment and is given by (2) where R Tis the total thermal resistance which is given by RRRR (3) where R siand R seare the internal and external surface thermal resi
42、stances, respectively. R and R Thave units of square metres kelvin per watt (m 2 K/W); U and have units of watts per square metre kelvin W/(m 2 K). ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 9869-1:2014ISO 9869-1:2014(E) 4 Apparatus 4.1 Heat flow meter (HFM) The HFM is a transducer giving an electrical si
43、gnal which is a direct function of the heat flow transmitted through it. Most HFMs are thin, thermally resistive plates with temperature sensors arranged in such a way that the electrical signal given by the sensors is directly related to the heat flow through the plate (see Figure 1). The essential
44、 properties of an HFM are that it should have a low thermal resistance in order to minimize the perturbation caused by the HFM, and a high enough sensitivity to give a sufficiently large signal for the lowest heat flow rates measured. Recent HFMs are very thin, with low thermal resistance, and highl
45、y sensitive. If the thermal resistance of the HFM is low enough, the effects of perturbation of the surface heat flow by positioning the HFM is negligible. The heat flow rate is influenced by building elements and the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature. Therefore, HFM with an appropri
46、ate sensitivity shall be selected in consideration of these influences (see Annex E). NOTE More detailed information on the structure and calibration of HFMs can be found in ISO 8301:1991. 4.2 Temperature sensors Temperature sensors are transducers giving an electrical signal which is a monotonic fu
47、nction of its temperature. The effects of the heat flow going through the sensor and on other physical quantities, such as stresses, electromagnetic radiation on the signal have to be taken into account (see Clause 5). Suitable surface temperature sensors (for R- or -value measurements) are thin the
48、rmocouples and flat resistance thermometers. It is possible, for the conductance measurements, for one or several sensors to be incorporated within one side of the HFM, the side which will be in contact with the surface of the element being measured. Environmental (ambient) temperature sensors (for
49、U-value measurements) shall be chosen according to the temperature to be measured. For example, if the U-value is defined by the ratio of density of heat flow rate to the air temperature difference, air temperature sensors are to be used. These sensors are shielded against solar and thermal radiation and are ventilated. Other sensors may measure the so- called sol-air temperature, the comfort temperature etc. (see Annex A
