1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO/TR 11696-2:1999 IC
2、S 13.220.50; 91.100.01 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 2: Fire hazard assessment of construction productsThis British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Committee, w
3、as published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 May 2000 BSI 05-2000 ISBN 0 580 34774 5 BS ISO/TR 11696-2:1999 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO/TR 11696-2:1999 and implem
4、ents it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee FSH/21, Reaction to fire tests, to Subcommittee FSH/21/8, Application of test results, which has the responsibility to: aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible i
5、nternational/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request
6、 to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standard
7、s Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages
8、This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO/TR title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 29 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Referencenumber ISO/TR11696-2:1999(E) TECHNICAL REPORT ISO
9、/TR 11696-2 Firstedition 1999-12-15 Usesofreactiontofiretestresults Part2: Firehazardassessmentofconstruction products Utilisation des rsultats des essais de raction au feu Partie 2: valuation du risque-feu des produits de constructionISO/TR11696-2:1999(E) ii ISO/TR11696-2:1999(E)iii Contents Page F
10、oreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 References1 3 Termsanddefinitions.2 4 Firecharacteristics3 5 Firehazardassessment4 6 Thedecisiontree.6 6.1 Step1Definitionoffirescenario(probabilistic)6 6.2 Step2Ignitionhazard(deterministic).6 6.3 Step3Firegrowthhazard(deterministic)7 6.4 Step4Smoke(deterministi
11、c).7 6.5 Step5Rateofhazarddevelopment(probabilistic).7 7 Factorsaffectingfiregrowthandtheextentoftheirimportance.10 7.1 Step1Definitionoffirescenario.10 7.2 Step2Ignition10 7.3 Step3Firedevelopment.13 7.4 Step4Smoke.17 7.5 Step5Rateofhazarddevelopment18 AnnexAAnexampleofaquantitativeassessmentoffire
12、testdata.20 AnnexBGuidelinestoclassificationdatafromISOfiretests.23 AnnexCAnexampleofacalculationofvisibilitywithinabuildingonfire.27 Bibliography29ISO/TR11696-2:1999(E) iv Foreword ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISO memberbodies).T
13、heworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnical committees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhas therighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,in liaisonwithISO,alsotakepar
14、tinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnical Commission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization. InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part3. ThemaintaskoftechnicalcommitteesistoprepareInternationalStandards.DraftIntern
15、ationalStandardsadopted bythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting.PublicationasanInternational Standardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote. Inexceptionalcircumstances,whenatechnicalcommitteehascollecteddataofadifferentkindfromthatwhichis normallypublisheda
16、sanInternationalStandard(“stateoftheart“,forexample),itmaydecidebyasimplemajority voteofitsparticipatingmemberstopublishaTechnicalReport.ATechnicalReportisentirelyinformativeinnature anddoesnothavetoberevieweduntilthedataitprovidesareconsideredtobenolongervalidoruseful. Attentionisdrawntothepossibil
17、itythatsomeoftheelementsofthispartofISO/TR11696maybethesubjectof patentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights. ISO/TR11696-2waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. ISO/TR11696consistsofthefollowingparts,u
18、nderthegeneraltitle Uses of reaction to fire test results: Part 1: Application of test results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products Part 2: Fire hazard assessment of construction productsISO/TR11696-2:1999(E)v Introduction ThispartofISO/TR11696providesguidanceo
19、nhowtoassessreactiontofiretestresultsforconstructionproducts fromtestsdevelopedinISO/TC92/SC1.Itprovidesabasisforreachinganinformedjudgementwhenbalancingout anyconflictingelementswhichmayariseinariskassessmentexercise,where,ofnecessity,accountmustalways betakenofmanypracticalconsiderations. Thedocum
20、enthasbeendesignedtoprovideguidelinestobefollowedwhenassessingreaction-to-firetestresults withinthecontextoftheoverallhazardpresentedbyadefinedfirescenario.Whenusingthisguide,accountshould betakenofanystatutoryorcontrolrequirements(forexamplebuildingregulations),informationobtainedfromfire testssuch
21、asthosedevelopedbyotherorganizations,publishedliteratureonnon-standardtestsandanalyticaland biologicalstudiesoffireatmospheres. Byestablishingatoolkitofnewfiretests,ISO/TC92/SC1hasprovidedagreatlyimprovedfacilityformeasuringthe firebehaviourofmaterialsandproductsmoremeaningfullythanhitherto.Thenewte
22、stmethodsalsoprovidedata whichcanalsobeusedinextendedcalculationsandcomputermodelstoprovidepredictionsoffireperformancein awiderangeofenvironments.Theuseofthetestresultsinextendedcalculationsandmodelshasbeenexplained indetailinISO/TR11696-1.Atpresent,onlyarelativelysmallnumberofpeopleandorganization
23、sareableto makeuseofthefiretestdatainthisway,althoughamuchlargernumberoforganizationsareabletoconductthe testsandobtainthemeasurements.ISO/TR11696-2isintendedtoprovideadviceandguidanceontheuseofISO toolkittestdatabypeopleandorganizationswhodonothavefacilitiesforextendedcalculationsorcomputer models.
24、Largenumbersoftestsystemshavebeenconstructedandinstalledinmanycommercialfiretest laboratories,thelaboratoriesofmaterialsmanufacturers,universitiesandresearchinstitutions.Alargenumberof usersofthetestapparatuscurrentlyrequireguidanceintheuseandinterpretationoftheresultsobtained. Assessmentoftestresul
25、tsneedsguidance,whichprovidesasimplifiedmethod.Withsuchguidance,resultsfrom thetestscanbeusedbythosewhomaynothaveknowledgeofthemathematicalmodellingandthemorecomplex firesciencecalculations.ISO/TR11696-2hasbeendesignedtoencouragewidespreadacceptanceofthetestsby providingsimplifiedguidanceontheuseoft
26、heresults. Thisguideenablesassessmenttobemadeofthelikelyfirehazardstooccupantsofexistingbuildingsand transportaswellastheeffectthatalterationstothesestructuresmayhaveonpossiblehazards.Experiencewith thespecificprocedureofthisguideislimitedtoafewapplicationsatpresentandmorevalidationofthedecision tre
27、emethodisrequired.Theconceptofcontrollingthefireperformanceofconstructionproductsbyassessingthe contributionofproductsinreactiontofiretestsisusedwidelybyregulators. Itisrecognizedthatthelimitationandcontroloffirehazardswillenablepeopletobeconfidentinthesafetyof buildingsandtransportsincefireswouldth
28、enbeunlikelytooccurandifonedid,peoplewouldbeabletoescape. Firetestingis,however,onlyoneofthetechniquesbywhichfirehazardsandrisksarelimitedandcontrolled.Other techniquesincludetheapplicationofcodesofpractice,lawscontrollingflammablematerialsandtheirmisuse, inspectionandeducationservicesprovidedbyfire
29、brigades,aswellasfiredetectors,sprinklersandother firefightingequipment.TECHNICALREPORT ISO/TR11696-2:1999(E)1 Usesofreactiontofiretestresults Part2: Firehazardassessmentofconstructionproducts 1 Scope ThispartofISO/TR11696providesguidanceontheprinciplesanduseoffiretestdataandotherrelevant informatio
30、nconcerningconstructionproductsandtheirend-useenvironment,sothatpotentialfirehazardsand/or risksmaybeassessed.Itsuggestsproceduresforexpressingresultsandhowtointerpretthedatatoaidthefire hazardassessmentprocess.Theguidancegivenisaimedatmaterialsmanufacturersandconvertors,designers, wholesalersandret
31、ailers,specifiersandregulatingbodies,andconsumerrepresentatives. 2 References ISO/IEC Guide 52, Glossary of fire terms and definitions. ISO1182, Reaction to fire tests for building products Non-combustibility test. ISO1210, Plastics Determination of the burning behaviour of horizontal and vertical s
32、pecimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source. ISO1716, Reaction to fire tests for building products Determination of the gross calorific value. ISO5657, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source. ISO/TR5658-1, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flam
33、e Part 1: Guidance on flame spread. ISO5658-2, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 2: Lateral spread on building products in vertical configuration. ISO5658-4, Reaction to fire tests Spread of flame Part 4: Intermediate-scale test of vertical spread of flame with vertically oriented specimen
34、. ISO5659-2, Plastics Smoke generation Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-chamber test. ISO5660-1, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate Part 1: Heat release rate (Cone calorimeter method). ISO5660-2, Reaction to fire tests Heat release, smoke pro
35、duction and mass loss rate from building products Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement). ISO6925, Textile floor coverings Burning behaviour Tablet test at ambient temperature. ISO6941, Textile fabrics Burning behaviour Measurement of flame spread properties of vertically oriented speci
36、mens.ISO/TR11696-2:1999(E) 2 ISO/TR9122-6, Toxicity testing of fire effluents Part 6: Guidance for regulators and specifiers on the assessment of toxic hazards in fires in buildings and transport. ISO9239-1, Reaction to fire tests for floor coverings Part 1: Determination of the burning behaviour us
37、ing a radiant heat source. ISO9239-2, Reaction to fire tests Horizontal surface spread of flame on floor coverings Part 2: Flame spread at higher heat flux levels. ISO9705, Fire tests Full-scale room test for surface products. ISO10093, Plastics Fire tests Standard ignition sources. ISO10351, Plasti
38、cs Determination of the combustibility of specimens using a 125 mm flame source. ISO/TR11696-1, Uses of reaction to fire test results Part 1: Application of results to predict fire performance of internal linings and other building products. ISO/TR11925-1, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of buil
39、ding products subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 1: Guidance on ignitability. ISO11925-2, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 2: Single-flame source test. ISO11925-3, Reaction to fire tests Ignitability of building product
40、s subjected to direct impingement of flame Part 3: Multi-source test. ISO12992, Plastics Vertical flame spread determination for film and sheet. ISO/TR13387(allparts), Fire safety engineering. ISO13784-1, Reaction to fire tests Scale tests for industrial sandwich panels Part 1: Intermediate scale te
41、st. ISO13784-2, Reaction to fire tests Scale tests for industrial sandwich panels Part 2: Large-scale test. ISO13785-1, Reaction to fire tests on faades Part 1: Intermediate scale test. ISO13785-2, Reaction to fire tests on faades Part 2: Large scale tests. ISO/TR14696, Reaction to fire tests Determ
42、ination of fire parameters of materials, products and assemblies using an intermediate-scale heat release calorimeter (ICAL). IEC61034-1, Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions Part 1: Test apparatus. IEC61034-2, Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under d
43、efined conditions Part 2: Test procedure and requirements. ASTME1321, Standard Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties. 3 Termsanddefinitions ForthepurposesofthispartofISO/TR11696,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninISO/IECGuide52andthe followingapply. 3.1 firehazard thepo
44、tentialdegreeofpersonalinjuryordamagetopropertybyafireISO/TR11696-2:1999(E)3 3.2 firerisk theexpectedlossfromafireisdefinedintermsofprobabilityastheproductof: frequencyofoccurrenceofanundesiredeventtobeexpectedinagiventechnicaloperationorstate;and, consequenceorextentofdamagetobeexpectedontheoccurre
45、nceoftheevent 3.3 smoke visiblepartoffireeffluent 3.4 thermalinertia aparameterusuallyrepresentedaskDcwhere: kisthermalconductivity(W/mK); Disdensity(kg/m 3 ); cisspecificheat(J/g C). NOTE Thisisanimportantparameterwhichgovernstherateofsurfacetemperatureriseofaproductwhenitisexposedto aheatflux. 4 F
46、irecharacteristics Byitsnature,fireisacomplexphenomenon,withitsgrowthandultimateseveritydependinguponanumberof interrelatedfactors.ForthepurposeofthispartofISO/TR11696,uncontrolleddevelopmentofmostfirescanbe dividedintothefollowingstages. a) Initiation:Theprocessofheatingamaterialtoignitionandthereb
47、yestablishingafire,duringwhichthe continuedreleaseofflammablevapoursleadstosustainedcombustion; b) Growth:Thespreadorpropagationofthefirewhichcontinuesuntiltherearenofurthersuppliesof immediatelyaccessiblefuel(combustibles)orairtobecomeinvolved.Thisstagemayinvolvetheignitionof adjacentcombustiblemat
48、erials; c) Flashover:Thesuddentransitionfromalocalizedfiretocombustionofallexposedfuelsurfaceswithinan enclosure; d) Fullydevelopedfire:Thestageatwhichthefiremaybesaidtobe“fullydeveloped“andallcombustible materialsareburningataratecontrolledbythesupplyofairtoburningsurfaces; e) Decay:Thefinalstagedu
49、ringwhichthefireisburningitselfout. Heatproducedbyatypicaluncontrolledfireinanenclosurechangeswithtime(seeFigure1)andisaffectedbythe designofthecompartmentandtheventilationconditions.Figure1alsoshowsthefourstagesofdevelopmentof thefireandtheflashoverpoint.Thedurationandseverityofthefireateachstagevariesmarkedlywiththerateof airsupplytothecombustionzone.Thedegreeofrisktolifeandpropertyis,inturn,largelycontrolledbythestage towhichthefirehasprogressed.Thecontributionofd
