1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15126:2005 Characterization of sludges Good practice for landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues ICS 13.030.20 PD CEN/TR 15126:2005 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 12 December 2005 B
2、SI 12 December 2005 ISBN 0 580 46761 9 National foreword This Published Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 15126:2005. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/5, Sludge characteristics, which has the responsibility to: A list of organi
3、zations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. The responsible UK committee, EH/5, gives the following advice concerning the contents of CEN/TR 15126:2005. When European Member State Ministers agreed the EU Landfill Directive they specifically excluded sewage slud
4、ge from its reach because they maintained that landfill was needed as a strategic option when no other was available. Member States implementations of the Directive have not necessarily taken this into account. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publicat
5、ions referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necess
6、ary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Document does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the inte
7、rpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 27 and a back cover. The BSI co
8、pyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15126 July 2005 ICS 13.030.20 English Version Characterization of sludges - Good practice fo
9、r landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues Caractrisation des boues - Bonne pratique pour la mise en dcharge des boues et des rsidus de traitement des boues Charakterisierung von Schlmmen - Gute fachliche Praxis bei der Deponierung von Schlamm und Rckstnden aus der Schlammbehandlung This
10、 Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 April 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
11、 Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2005 CE
12、N All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15126:2005: E2 Contents Page Foreword .3 Introduction.4 1 Scope5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations5 4 Outline of landfill processes6 4.1 General6 4.2 I
13、nputs8 4.2.1 Water.8 4.2.2 Solids8 4.2.3 Gases 8 4.3 Processes .8 4.3.1 Microbiological activity8 4.3.2 Solution/precipitation.9 4.3.3 Volatilization.9 4.3.4 Sorption reactions9 4.3.5 Filtration9 4.4 Outputs.9 5 Current position and European perspective.12 6 Legislative position12 7 Economics13 8 Tr
14、eatment requirements.13 9 Operational aspects .15 9.1 General15 9.2 Co-disposal of sludges and baled municipal waste .15 9.3 Co-disposal of sludges and loose municipal waste .16 9.4 Monofills for sludge disposal 18 9.5 Sludge in cover materials 18 9.5.1 Temporary cover 18 9.5.2 Final cover 19 10 Env
15、ironmental aspects 19 10.1 General19 10.2 Leachate .19 10.3 Methane generation20 10.4 Void space and settlement.20 10.5 Other environmental factors20 10.5.1 Odour20 10.5.2 Contamination of mobile plant.20 10.5.3 Fire and dust.20 Annex A Current landfill legislation in EU Member States.22 Annex B Com
16、position of leachates25 Bibliography27 CEN/TR 15126:20053 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15126:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludges”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This document is voluntarily presented in the form of a CEN Technical Rep
17、ort because most of its content is not completely in line with practice and regulations in each Member State. This document gives recommendations for good practice concerning the landfilling of sludges and sludge treatment residues, but existing national regulations remain in force. CEN/TR 15126:200
18、54 Introduction All the recommendations in this document constitute a framework within which the landfilling process can be proposed as a substitute for field spreading, or in addition to specific or combined incinerations, or any other process. This document should be read in the context of the req
19、uirements of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste which applies to the landfill of sludge and any other relevant regulations, standards and codes of practice which may prevail locally within Member States. CEN/TR 15126:20055 1 Scope This CEN Technical Report gives one of a series of sludge
20、management options and describes good practice for the disposal of sludges and sludge treatment residues to landfill where national regulations permit. This document is applicable to the sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308, i.e. specifically derived from: storm water handling; night soil; u
21、rban wastewater collecting systems; urban wastewater treatment plants; treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EEC); water supply treatment plants; water distribution systems; but excluding hazardous sludges from industry. 2 Normative references The
22、 following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1085:1997, Waste water treatment Vocabulary EN 12
23、832:1999, Characterisation of sludges Utilization and disposal of sludges Vocabulary EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization of waste Terminology Part 1: Materials related terms and definitions EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of waste Terminology Part 2: Management related terms and definitions CR 13714
24、, Characterisation of sludges Sludge management in relation to use or disposal 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12832:1999, EN 1085:1997, EN 13965-1:2004, EN 13965-2:2004 and also in the following Directives apply: Direct
25、ive 91/271/EC concerning urban wastewater treatment Directive 75/442/EC the waste framework directive as amended by Directive 91/156/EC Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste. Directive 2001/77/EC on renewable energy. CEN/TR 15126:2005 56 For the understanding of this document, these abbrevia
26、ted terms apply: BIO: Biomass BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand CSO: Chemically Stabilized Organic DPM: Decomposable Plant Material MSW: Municipal Solid Waste PSO: Physically Stabilized Organic RPM: Resistant Plant Material TOC: Total Organic Carbon VFA: Volatile Fatty Acids
27、WWTP: 4 Outline of landfill processes 4.1 General The landfill processes which are of importance for understanding the potential for controlling waste stabilization are the physical, chemical and microbial activities which lead to the modification of waste, from often complex substances with signifi
28、cant pollution potential to simpler compounds which can be environmentally benign. In the case of a landfill containing degradable waste, the principal processes of interest are those which lead to the breakdown of complex organic compounds found in the putrescible fraction of non-inert waste, and t
29、he influence of the by-products of degradation on the mobility and availability of other compounds and elements. At a simple conceptual level, a landfill can be viewed as a reactor vessel in which solid, water and gaseous inputs are subject to a variety of processes which produce solid, liquid and g
30、aseous waste products. The reactor model for landfill processes is shown schematically in Figure 1, with the inputs, processes and outputs summarized briefly below. CEN/TR 15126:2005 Figure 1 - Schematic representation of landfill processes CEN/TR 15126:2005 78 4.2 Inputs 4.2.1 Water The principal w
31、ater input at modern, managed, cellular landfill sites is rainfall which can gain direct access to waste during the filling phase for each cell and indirectly by percolation through capping and restoration layers after each cell is finished. Solid waste contains absorbed water and mixed household wa
32、ste typically carries about 25 % water on a wet mass basis. Sludges contain about 10 % to 95 % water according to the extent of dewatering and drying treatment they have received (for information concerning national regulations about the water content, see Annex A). 4.2.2 Solids Sludge, household wa
33、ste and to a lesser extent commercial and industrial waste, contain putrescible materials which degrade within the landfill environment, giving rise to potentially polluting liquid and gaseous products. The process of degradation can create conditions in which other, non-organic compounds can pass i
34、nto solution or enter a gaseous phase. About 20 % of household waste is rapidly biodegradable (putrescible) and a further 30 % more slowly degradable (cellulosic materials such as paper). In the case of sludge, about 30 % is rapidly biodegradable, 40 % progressively more slowly degradable and the re
35、maining 30 % is non-degradable, inorganic ash. Articles 5.1 and 5.2 of the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) require that the biodegradable municipal waste deposited in landfill should be reduced progressively so that by 2016 the amount (by mass) of biodegradable municipal waste should not be more tha
36、n 35 % of the mass produced in 1995. These targets will be achieved in part by composting and separation and recycling of waste. Sludge for landfill disposal should be stabilized (for instance, by aerobic or anaerobic digestion or by composting or lime stabilization or by acid treatment) to remove t
37、he rapidly biodegradable fraction and dewatered because liquid waste is unacceptable according to Article 5.3 of the Landfill Directive. However, under Article 2 (q), liquid waste is defined as any waste in liquid form including wastewaters, but excluding sludge. 4.2.3 Gases The pore spaces of inert
38、 or slowly reactive solid waste arriving at a landfill normally contain a gaseous mixture close to that of the atmosphere, that is 79 % nitrogen and slightly less than 21 % oxygen, with the balance composed principally of carbon dioxide and trace amounts of other gases. The pore gases of putrescible
39、 waste can reflect rapid decomposition, in terms of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide levels before deposition in the fill. The pore gases in and around sewage sludge will contain some methane and hydrogen sulfide (and other odorous compounds) as well as carbon dioxide. Sludge addition to
40、an MSW landfill can accelerate gas production and stabilization of the landfill by a bioreactor effect (see 1). 4.3 Processes 4.3.1 Microbiological activity The breakdown of natural organic substances and certain man-made compounds is achieved largely through the activity of various microorganisms w
41、hich consume the materials as food sources and, in so doing, release soluble and gaseous waste products and energy in the form of heat. The organisms can be aerobic, i.e. they require the presence of free oxygen (O 2gas) for their metabolic processes or they can be anaerobic, when they gain their en
42、ergy from the dissociation of compounds in the absence of free oxygen. Some organisms are strict aerobes or anaerobes and can operate only in one mode, but some microorganisms are able to switch from one form of respiration to the other. The breakdown processes can release directly into solution ele
43、ments and compounds which form part of the original material, whilst waste products of this metabolism can encourage the dissolution of other materials, for example, by producing acidic conditions. The incorporation of anaerobically digested sludge into a landfill represents an inoculum of bacteria
44、which may accelerate anaerobic biodegradation within the landfill. This will be advantageous if the landfill is being run as a flushing bioreactor and by increasing the rate of stabilization within the landfill, the sludge can shorten the time to safe closure and completion of the landfill. Some aut
45、horities consider that if this concept becomes reality, the use of sludge will play an integral part in its design and operation (see 2) CEN/TR 15126:20054.3.2 Solution/precipitation The direction of chemical reactions between the waste components and the liquids moving through the waste (leachate)
46、is controlled by factors such as the relationship between the solubility of elements and compounds and the pH value and of their responses to Eh changes, that is the presence or absence of free oxygen (oxygenated systems have a positive Eh values, reducing systems a negative Eh). As an example, the
47、solubility of many metals is increased as acidity rises (pH values fall to below 7,0), whilst iron is relatively soluble when reducing conditions are present (negative Eh value), but far less soluble in oxygenated environments (positive Eh). The physico-chemical conditions within landfilled waste ch
48、ange during the breakdown and stabilization process (described below) and elements and compounds which are dissolved at one stage in the lifecycle of a landfill can become immobilized by precipitation at another stage, and vice versa. 4.3.3 Volatilization The conversion of liquids (or occasionally s
49、olids) to the gaseous state is encouraged by increased temperatures. Microbiological activity can raise the temperature within a waste mass from the average ground temperature of about 10 C to values in the range 30 C to 40 C or more if the waste layer is very thick. Consequently, the gaseous mixture within the waste mass can contain not only the gases produced by the breakdown or organic matter, but water vapour and volatilized hydrocarbon
