1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15131:2006 Thermal performance of building materials The use of interpolating equations in relation to thermal measurement on thick specimens Guarded hot plate and heat flow meter apparatus ICS 91.100.60; 91.120.10 PD CEN/TR 15131:2006 This Published Document was publish
2、ed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 21 February 2006. BSI 21 February 2006ISBN 0 580 47345 7 National foreword This Published Document is the official English language version of CEN/TR 15131:2006. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technica
3、l Committee B/540, Energy performance of materials, components and buildings, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publicati
4、ons referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessa
5、ry provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Document does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the inter
6、pretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the CEN/TR title page, pages 2 to 28, an inside back cover and a b
7、ack cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR15131 January2006 ICS91.100.60;91.120.10 EnglishVersion Thermalperformanceof
8、buildingmaterials Theuseof interpolatingequationsinrelationtothermalmeasurementon thickspecimens Guardedhotplateandheatflowmeter apparatus Performancethermiquedesmatriauxpourlebtiment Utilisationdesquationsdinterpolationdanslecadredes mesuragesthermiquessurprouvettepaissePlaque chaudegardeetappareil
9、fluxmtre DieAnwendungvonInterpolationsgleichungenfr wrmetechnischeMessungenunddickenProbekrpern HeizplattenundWrmestromMessapparate ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyCENon27September2005.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC89. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,Cz
10、echRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISC
11、HESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2006CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR15131:2006:E2 Contents page Foreword 3 1 Scope .4 2 Normative references .4 3 Terms, definitions and symbols 4 4 Modelling thi
12、ckness effect .5 5 Prediction of the thickness effect with the interpolating functions 11 Bibliography.28 CEN/TR 15131:20063 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15131:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 89 “Thermal performance of buildings and building components”, the secretari
13、at of which is held by SIS. CEN/TR 15131:20064 1 Scope This Technical Report supplements technical information on modelling of heat transfer in products of high and medium thermal resistance when the thickness effect may be relevant; by doing this it supplies minimum background information on the in
14、terpolating equations to be used in the procedures described in EN 12939 to test thick products of high and medium thermal resistance. All testing procedures to evaluate the thermal performance of thick specimens require utilities, which are essentially based on interpolating functions containing a
15、number of material parameters and testing conditions. Interpolating functions and material parameters are not the same for all materials. Essential phenomena and common interpolating functions are presented in Clause 4, which is followed by separate equations for each material family. This Technical
16、 Report also gives diagrams derived from the above interpolating equations to assess the relevance of the thickness effect for some insulating materials. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this Technical Report. For dated references, on
17、ly the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12939:2000, Thermal performance of building materials and products Determination of thermal resistance by means of guarded hot plate and heat flow meter methods
18、Thick products of high and medium thermal resistance EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987) EN ISO 9288:1996, Thermal insulation Heat transfer by radiation Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 9288:1989) 3 Terms, definitions and symbols For the p
19、urposes of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345:1995, EN ISO 9288:1996 and EN 12939:2000 apply. NOTE EN ISO 9288 defines spectral directional extinction, absorption and scattering coefficients and the spectral directional albedo only, while this Technical Report make
20、s use of total hemispherical coefficients, which can be obtained from the previous ones by appropriate integrations. To avoid confusion with the monochromatic directional coefficients, they are referenced here as related to the “two flux model“, see Clause 4. Symbol Quantity Unit d thickness m h sur
21、face coefficient of heat transfer J transfer factor W/(mK) R thermal resistance m 2 K/W T thermodynamic temperature K total hemispherical emissivity thermal conductivity W/(mK) r radiativity density kg/m 3 CEN/TR 15131:20065 Stefan-Boltzmanns constant (5,6699710 -8 ) W/(m 2 K 4 ) Celsius temperature
22、 C 4 Modelling thickness effect 4.1 General The following qualitative description of heat transfer in low density homogeneous insulating materials formed the basis for the development of a model to get interpolating functions. A graph of thermal resistance versus specimen thickness for all homogeneo
23、us insulating materials has the form of that in Figure 1. The extrapolation to zero thickness, R 0 , of the straight portion (bold continuous line) depends both on material properties and testing conditions, in particular the emissivity of the surfaces bounding the specimen or product. Only the slop
24、e of the straight portion of the plot of thermal resistance versus thickness is an intrinsic material property; the incremental ratio d/ R for d d is called thermal transmissivity, see EN ISO 9288. Guarded hot plate or heat flow meter apparatus basically measure a thermal resistance, R. If the speci
25、men thickness, d, is measured, then the transfer factor, J = d/R, can be calculated. The transfer factor is often referred to in technical literature as measured, equivalent or effective thermal conductivity of a specimen and, for low density insulating materials, depends not only on such material p
26、roperties as the coefficient of radiation extinction, the thermal conductivity of the gas and solid matrix and air flow permeability but also on such testing or end-use conditions as product thickness, mean test temperature, temperature difference and emissivity of the bounding surfaces. When the sp
27、ecimen thickness is large enough, the transfer factor becomes independent of specimen thickness and emissivity of the surfaces of the apparatus, i.e. becomes a material property called thermal transmissivity. NOTE 1 When different materials are considered, having the same thermal transmissivity, the
28、 same coefficient of radiation extinction and the same thermal conductivity of the gas and solid matrix, the thickness d i, at which the straight portion of the plot starts, is larger for cellular plastic materials than for mineral wool. This is due to the different mechanism of the radiation extinc
29、tion. Consequently for cellular plastic materials the thicknesses corresponding to the dashed portion of the plot, i.e. d d i, may more frequently than for mineral wool be larger than actual specimen thicknesses. For these reasons the procedures of this Technical Report should be differentiated by m
30、aterial families. The following equations, describing the above phenomena, are those used in EN 12939 as interpolating tools. NOTE 2 The model used assumes that all radiation beams crossing a plane in all possible directions can be grouped into those crossing the plane from its side A to the side B
31、and those crossing the same plane from the side B to the side A, i.e. the radiation crossing the plane is reduced to a forward radiation intensity and a backward radiation intensity. This way of handling radiation is known as the “two-flux model“. To radiation heat transfer, heat transfer by conduct
32、ion was coupled. The thermal resistance, R, of a flat specimen of low-density material may be expressed as: R = R 0+ d/ t(1) where R 0 is not necessarily independent of the thickness d, and t= cd+ r (2) According to EN ISO 9288 tis the thermal transmissivity, cdis the combined gaseous and solid ther
33、mal conductivity and ris the radiativity. Possible expressions for the gaseous and solid conductivity, that are material- dependent, will be considered in the following subclauses. CEN/TR 15131:20066 The thickness d indicates the beginning of the straight portion of the plot of thermal resistance, R
34、. A reduction of apparatus emissivity shifts the bold line upwards. if d d The ratio d/ R is constant; the thermal transmissivity t, that is an intrinsic material property independent of experimental conditions, can be measured. In this case, the radiativity r and the gaseous and solid thermal condu
35、ctivity cd can also be defined as material properties and put t = cd + r. Nevertheless J = d/R is not yet independent of the thickness d, see dashed and dotted lines. Figure 1 Thermal resistance, R, as a function of the specimen thickness, d If T mis the mean test thermodynamic temperature, n= 5,669
36、9710 -8W/(m 2 K 4 ) the Stefan-Boltzmanns constant, the total hemispherical emissivity of the apparatus, *a mass extinction parameter, an albedo, the bulk density of the material, the following expressions are introduced: F = (1 - *) (3) h r= 4 nT m 3(4) the radiativity, r , is expressed as follows:
37、 2 * r r = h(5) and the term R 0 is expressed as follows: + = t cd 2 * t r 0 2 tanh 1 2 2 F d E Z h R (6) Z = 1 for all materials except expanded polystyrene and insulating cork boards, see 4.3, while E is a modified extinction parameter, due to coupled conduction and radiation heat transfer, expres
38、sed as: CEN/TR 15131:20067 cd t * F E = (7) It becomes zero when the absorption parameter * is zero, i.e. the extinction parameter * becomes simply the scattering parameter * . E tends to infinity when conduction becomes negligible, i.e. when cd= 0. If the specimen thickness, d, is measured, the tra
39、nsfer factor can be calculated using Equation (1) as follows: 1 1 0 t t R d J + = (8) 4.2 Interpolating functions for mineral wool and wood wool products 4.2.1 One layer of homogeneous mineral wool and wood wool product For mineral wool and wood wool products the parameter F that appears in Equation
40、 (7) has values between 0,2 and 0,5, see 1 in the Bibliography. Consequently the majority of the specimens have thicknesses such that (E d/2) 3, i.e. tanh(E d/2) does not differ from 1 by more than 1 %. In this situation the thermal resistance R 0 , expressed by Equation (6), becomes a thermal resis
41、tance R 0independent of specimen thickness. + = t cd 2 * t r 0 1 2 2 F h R (9) Introducing two parameters A and B, the term cd , that represents the combined conduction through the gaseous phase and the solid matrix (of density s ) of the insulating material, is expressed as: + + = s cd 1 1 B B A (1
42、0) For glass wool products, B is close to 0,016 m 3 /kg and sis close to 2400 kg/m 3 . For the same products an even simpler expression is cd= A (1 + 0,0015 ); this expression underestimates the conduction in the solid matrix at low densities, but for these densities this contribution is of minor im
43、portance. When the density tends to zero, cdapproaches the thermal conductivity of the gaseous phase, represented in Equation (10) by the value of the parameter A. By introducing an additional parameter * r 2 h C = , and taking account of Equations (5) and (10), Equation (2) can be rewritten as in E
44、quation (11), see its representation in Figure 2: c B B A + + + = s T 1 1 (11) CEN/TR 15131:20068 The dashed line represents the transfer factor, J, of a layer of constant mass per area, d. Figure 2 Thermal transmissivity tand its components ) 1 ( / , s B B A A + as a function of density, , for a se
45、mi-transparent material (continuous line) In the proposed model there are three material parameters that enter in the definition of the thermal transmissivity according to Equations (5) and (11), namely the parameters A and B and the mass extinction parameter * . In addition the material bulk densit
46、y and the mean test temperature shall be known. The definition of the thermal resistance or the transfer factor requires an additional material parameter, F (or its complement to 1, the albedo * ), and an additional testing condition, the emissivity, , of the apparatus. In principle, any material pa
47、rameter is temperature dependent. For mineral wool the effect of temperature on thermal resistance or transfer factor can be concentrated in the term h rappearing in the radiativity and in the parameter A. Around room temperature, the parameter A, i.e. the thermal conductivity of the air, can be expressed as a function of the Celsius temperature, , by the following expression: ) 10 282 , 1 003052 , 0 1 ( 0242396 , 0 2 6 a + = (12) To verify the proposed model, the expression within brackets in Equation (12) can be re
