1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15310-1:2006 Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions ICS 13.030.10; 13.030.20 PD CEN/TR 15310-1:2006 This Published Document was published under the authority of
2、 the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 December 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 49833 6 National foreword This Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15310-1:2006. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/508, Waste m
3、anagement, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization of waste. A list of organizations represented on B/508/3 can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amend
4、ments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR153101 November2006 ICS13.030.10;13.030.20 EnglishVersion CharacterizationofwasteSamplingofwastematerialsPart1: Guidanceonselectionandapplicationofcriteriaforsampling undervariousconditions
5、 CaractrisationdesdchetsPrlvementdesdchets Partie1:Guiderelatifauchoixetlapplicationdes critresdchantillonnagedansdiversesconditions CharakterisierungvonAbfallProbenahmeTeil1: RichtlinienzurAuswahlundAnwendungvonKriterienfr dieProbenahmeunterverschiedenenBedingungen ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyC
6、ENon21February2006.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC292. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Romani
7、a, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2006CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.
8、No.CEN/TR153101:2006:E2 Contents Foreword. 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope . 7 2 Terms and definitions. 7 3 Specify the objective of the Testing Programme 12 4 Develop the technical goals from the objective 13 4.1 General. 13 4.2 Define the population to be sampled 14 4.2.1 General. 14 4.2.2 Overall popula
9、tion 14 4.2.3 Population . 14 4.2.4 Sub-population 14 4.2.5 Examples . 15 4.3 Assess variability 16 4.3.1 General. 16 4.3.2 Spatial variability 16 4.3.3 Temporal variability 17 4.3.4 Random variability 17 4.4 Select the sampling approach. 17 4.4.1 General. 17 4.4.2 Probabilistic sampling 18 4.4.3 Ju
10、dgemental sampling. 18 4.5 Identify the scale. 18 4.6 Choose the required statistical parameter.19 4.7 Choose the desired reliability 20 4.7.1 General. 20 4.7.2 Precision and Confidence 20 4.7.3 Errors in the Testing Programme 20 5 Determine the Practical Instructions 21 5.1 General. 21 5.2 Sampling
11、 pattern. 22 5.2.1 General. 22 5.2.2 Simple random sampling . 23 5.2.3 Stratified random sampling . 23 5.2.4 Systematic sampling 24 5.2.5 Judgemental sampling. 24 5.3 Determine the increment and sample size (mass / volume). 24 5.3.1 General. 24 5.3.2 Liquids . 25 5.3.3 Powders and sludges. 25 5.3.4
12、Particulate / granular materials . 25 5.4 The use of composite versus individual samples. 26 5.5 Determine the required number of increments and samples. 26 6 Define the Sampling Plan. 27 Annex A The scale . 28 A.1 Scale. 28 A.2 Fundamental variability 32 Annex B Statistical methods for characterisi
13、ng a population 33 B.1 Terms and Definitions 33 CEN/TR 15310-1:20063 B.2 Probability distributions .35 B.3 Statistical parameters .37 Annex C Calculating the required numbers of increments and samples.43 C.1 Notation 43 C.2 Estimating a mean concentration43 C.3 Estimating a standard deviation 46 C.4
14、 Estimating a percentile .47 C.5 Estimating a percentage compliance with a given limit48 Annex D Minimum increment and sample size (mass / volume).49 D.1 Estimation of increment and sample size.49 D.2 Determination of the number of increments and/or samples .51 D.3 Calculation of the actual incremen
15、t and/or sample size .51 Annex E Example sampling scenarios.53 E.1 Sampling scenarios.53 E.2 Example 1: Waste producer to carry out a basic characterisation on the concentration of Cr 6+in a waste liquid during discharge to the on-site lagoon 57 E.3 Example 2: Waste producer to undertake a regular c
16、ompliance testing programme to check conformance with data obtained from the basic characterisation.59 E.4 Example 3: Regulator to undertake an on-site verification of supernatant liquid in the hazardous waste lagoon.61 E.5 Example 4: Waste producer to carry out a basic characterisation on the conce
17、ntration of Cr6+ in a waste liquid held in drum storage at the factory, for disposal purposes .63 E.6 Example 5: Waste producer to carry out a compliance testing of the Cr6+ concentration of waste liquid held in drums prior to disposal, against a permitted mean limit of 100 mg/l 65 E.7 Example 6: Ca
18、rrier or Disposal company to carry out an on-site verification of drums containing Cr-contaminated liquid sludge prior to treatment 67 E.8 Example 7: Carrier or Disposal Company to carry out an on-site verification of the contents of tankers containing Cr6+ contaminated liquid sludge prior to treatm
19、ent 68 E.9 Example 8: Treatment plant operator applying basic characterisation to identify variability of Cr6+ in a treated waste using a two-step leaching test at LS 2 and LS 870 E.10 Example 9: Treatment plant operator to perform compliance testing to determine whether the treated hazardous waste
20、complies with a limit determined on the basis of the basic characterisation, using a combined one-step leaching test at LS10 .72 E.11 Example 10: On-site verification74 E.12 Example 11: Compliance testing .74 E.13 Example 12: On-site verification74 E.14 Example 13: On-site verification75 E.15 Exampl
21、e 14: Basic characterisation 75 Bibliography76 CEN/TR 15310-1:20064 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This Technical Report has been prepared under a mandate g
22、iven to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This Technical Report is one of a series of five Technical Reports dealing with sampling techniques and procedures, and provides essential information and instructions for the application of the EN-standard: EN 14899 Cha
23、racterisation of Waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan. This EN 14899 standard can be used to: produce standardised sampling plans for u
24、se in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation; design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis. The Technical Reports display a
25、range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project manager to tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a shop shelf approach to sampling plan development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the sampling approach, sampling point, me
26、thod of sampling and equipment used. This Technical Report describes the statistical principles related to sampling, and provides methods based on these principles enabling a testing programme to be defined that will produce results sufficiently reliable for the decision-making process for which the
27、y are required. Wastes arise in a wide variety of types (e.g. pastes, liquids, granular materials, mixes of different materials) and sampling situations (e.g. during a waste production process, stockpiles, tanks, drums). There can also be a variety of sampling objectives within each of the three bro
28、ad categories (basic characterisation, compliance testing and on-site verification). Consequently the Report cannot provide definitive instructions for each and every case on the practical details of the testing programme, such as the required number of samples, the size of these samples, and whethe
29、r they should be spot or composite samples. Instead, its aim is to expose the factors that influence the choice of these detailed components of the sampling exercise, and to provide statistical tools that can then be applied to determine the most appropriate testing programme for any given sampling
30、scenario. CEN/TR 15310-1:20065 Introduction Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may be sent for final disposal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be necessary therefore to specify in the testing prog
31、ramme the amount of material for which the characteristics of interest need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be made on how they should be treated (or not), recovered or disposed of. In order to undertake valid tests, some sampling of the waste is required. The princ
32、ipal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan, within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Figure 1 of EN 14899:2005 and can be used to: produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (elabo
33、ration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate the specific sampling requirements of European and national legislation; design and develop a Sampling Plan for use on a case by case basis. The development of a Sampling Plan within this framework involv
34、es the progression through three steps or activities: 1) define the Sampling Plan; 2) take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan; 3) transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory. This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 1 of the Sampling Plan process map and
35、describes the selection of sampling approach that can be used in the recovery of a sample for a wide variety of waste types and arisings. Specifically this Technical Report provides information to support 4.2.7 (Select sampling approach) of the Framework Standard. Due consideration and selection of
36、statistical criteria is of key importance in the production of a Sampling Plan as it provides the sole means of ensuring that, wherever possible, the type and number of samples taken will address a clearly identified objective and will provide results that achieve a tolerable level of reliability. C
37、EN/TR 15310-1:20066 Table 1 - Main statistical steps in defining a sampling plan for a testing programme Step Subject Specify the objective of the Testing Programme 1 Specify the objective of the Testing Programme Develop the Technical Goals from the objective 2 Define the population to be sampled 3
38、 Assess variability 4 Select the sampling approach 5 Identify the scale 6 Choose the required statistical approach 7 Choose the desired reliability Determine the practical instructions 8 Choose the sampling pattern 9 Determine the increment/ sample size 10 Determine the use of composite or individua
39、l samples 11 Determine required number of samples Define the Sampling Plan 12 Define the Sampling Plan To illustrate the application of these principles, a series of 14 examples of sampling scenarios for a single waste stream are provided in Annex E. This Technical Report should be read in conjuncti
40、on with the Framework Standard for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential information to support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises: EN 14899 Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework f
41、or the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan; CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions; CEN/TR 15310-2, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 2:
42、Guidance on sampling techniques; CEN/TR 15310-3, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field; CEN/TR 15310-4, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 4: Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, pre
43、servation, transport and delivery; CEN/TR 15310-5, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the Sampling Plan. The Technical Reports contain procedural options (as detailed in Figure 2 of EN 14899:2005) that can be selected to match the sampli
44、ng requirements of any testing programme. CEN/TR 15310-1:20067 1 Scope This Technical Report discusses the statistical principles of sampling, and provides a number of statistical tools to assist in the design of testing programmes for application to sampling under various conditions. NOTE 1 Given t
45、he great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be applied to determine the amount
46、and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence). NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive. NOTE 3 To clarify the text, the document
47、provides a number of worked examples. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Report, we have used or adapted the definitions of ISO 3534 Parts 1, 2 and 3 wherever possible. In a minority of cases, however, those definitions are couched in technical statistical language, which is
48、likely to be unhelpful to the intended readership. In these instances we have either supplemented the formal definition with an additional note, or provided an alternative simpler definition. NOTE In order to keep the list of definitions as compact as possible, some terms that are used only occasionally in the main text have been omitted. B.1 provides an additional list of definitions that are specifically relevant to the various annexes. 2.1 analytical error collective term for the imprecision and bias associated with the analytical method 2.2 characteristic
