1、BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 Energy losses by industrial doorPD CEN/TR 16676:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16676:2014. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/538/5, Indust
2、rial and commercial garage doors and gates. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Stand
3、ards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 83958 0 ICS 91.060.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 Novembe
4、r 2014. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16676:2014TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16676 October 2014 ICS 91.060.50 English Version Energy losses by industrial door Perte dnergie par les portes industrielles Energieverluste durch Industrie
5、tore This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 28 July 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 33. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, F
6、rance, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES
7、 KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16676:2014 EPD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introdu
8、ction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Simplified calculation basis 5 3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference 5 3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind .6 3.3 Air leakage with closed door by chimney .7 3.4 Infiltration with door open (by wind)8 4 Results . 10 4.1 Gen
9、eral . 10 4.2 Local/metrological data 10 4.3 Building/doors data (dimensions). 11 4.4 Building data (intended use) . 11 5 Results for heat transmission . 13 6 Results for air leakage by wind . 13 7 Results for air leakage by chimney effect 14 8 Infiltration (open door) . 15 9 Summary 17 PD CEN/TR 16
10、676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16676:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors, windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements
11、 of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 4 Introduction The calculation method in EN 12428 gives a U-value in W/m 2 K for thermal resistance of an
12、industrial door used for access of vehicles accompanied by pedestrians. With a view to energy efficiency (energy saving) it should be remembered, however, that this performance is only achieved when the door is closed. In practice the evidence shows that doors are left open for longer periods than i
13、s perhaps necessary or acceptable. Therefore, it is difficult to see how reducing U-values can improve energy efficiency without radical changes in work place practices or operation mode of the door. In keeping with the whole building approach mandated by the EPBD 1 )building designers should be wor
14、king on a whole building principle rather than an elemental basis which results in a beneficial evaluation of those factors in the construction of the building envelope that contribute significantly to energy conservation in the buildings use. Therefore, it is important that building designers and s
15、pecification writers should seek to: set achievable values for products calculated in accordance with EN 13241-1; consider awareness of the classification possibilities and the availability and need to implement appropriate technologies; consider specifying improved power operated doors specificatio
16、n including appropriate control systems; consider changes to supporting constructions (e.g. lobbies, screens); consider the use of double doors (e.g. insulated external doors, rapid acting internal doors for operational use). There is a common misconception that energy conservation is best achieved
17、(only) through U-value improvements. Due to the nonlinear shape of the U-value/thickness graph there is a danger of achieving diminishing returns from additional thickness of doors. Up to the present time, for the U-values commonly specified for construction in the EU, there has been an approximatel
18、y linear relationship but as the move to seek lower U- values continues this is no longer the case. Concern has been expressed that much of this good work is wasted as long as the practice of leaving doors open for unnecessarily long periods prevails. Therefore, a study with a simplified calculation
19、 basis has been undertaken by CEN/TC 33/WG 5 relating to the energy losses through doors. This Technical Report does not replace the requirements of EN 13241-1 regarding EN 12428. For the purpose of this Technical Report the term “door” and/or “doorset” is used as a general term for “industrial door
20、”. 1) Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC). PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report gives simplified calculation relating to the energy losses through doors taking into account: heat transmission with closed door by temperature differenc
21、e, air leakage through a closed door due to wind, air leakage through a closed door due to a chimney effect, and air infiltration with a door open (due to wind). 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for
22、 its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12428, Industrial, commercial and garage doors - Thermal transmittance - Requirements for the calculation EN 13241-1, I
23、ndustrial, commercial and garage doors and gates - Product standard - Part 1: Products without fire resistance or smoke control characteristics 3 Simplified calculation basis 3.1 Heat transmission with closed door by temperature difference Heat transmission coefficient U in W/m 2 K is measured by no
24、tified bodies and calculated per door configuration (according to EN 13241-1). Outside temperature is taken out of Table 1. Heat transmission is then calculated with: ) ( o i t T T U A H = where H tis the power losses by heat transmission, in watts (W); A is the area of exposed surface, in square me
25、tres (m 2 ); T iis the inside air temperature, in Celsius (C); T ois the outside air temperature, in Celsius (C). Energy losses per year will be calculated with: 000 1 t h t H C h E = PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 6 where E tis the energy losses per year by heat transmission, in kilogra
26、m watts per hour (kWh); h is the time per day exposed to T = (T i T o ) (hours = heating hours); C his the amount of heating days per year, meaning inside temperature above outside temperature. 3.2 Air leakage with closed door by wind Connection between pressure difference P (P a(N/m 2 ) and air lea
27、kage in m 3 /m 2 h ris measured by notified bodies and put in a graphic. Wind speed is taken out of Table 1. Wind pressure on door is calculated with: = 2 2 1 v P where P is the wind pressure, in newtons per square metre (N/m 2 ); v is the wind speed, in metres per second (m/s); is the density of ai
28、r, in 1,293 kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m 3 ). With this wind pressure the air leakage is taken out of Figure 1. Key X pressure difference P (P a(N/m 2 ) Y leakage in m 3 /m 2 h Figure 1 Air leakage PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 7 Air volume flow by wind pressure is calculated with: 6
29、00 3 airleakage v A Q = where air leakage is in cubic metres/square metre hour (m 3 /m 2 h); Q vis the air volume flow by wind pressure, in cubic metres/second (m 3 /s). Power losses by air leakage is calculated with: ( ) o i v p v T T Q C H = where H vis the power losses by air leakage, in W; C pis
30、 the specific heat capacity of air, in 1 007 J/kg K). Energy losses per year will be calculated with: 000 1 v w h v H C C h E = where E vis the energy losses per year by air leakage, in (kWh); C wis corrected because of position of the door compared to wind direction. 3.3 Air leakage with closed doo
31、r by chimney Connection between pressure difference P (P ain N/m 2 ) and air leakage, in m 3 /m 2 h rmeasured by notified body and put in a graphic. Under pressure on inside of door because of chimney is calculated with: ( ) ( ) 3 o o i nph ) 273 ( 81 , 9 + = T T T h h P where P is the chimney press
32、ure, in newtons per square metre (N/m 2 ): h is the height of interest (half of door height), in metres (m); h nphis the neutral pressure height in building ( half of inside building height), in metres (m). With this chimney pressure the leakage is taken out of Figure 1. Air volume flow by chimney i
33、s calculated with: PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 8 600 3 airleakage v A Q = where Q vis the air volume flow by chimney, in m 3 /s. Power losses by chimney is calculated with: ( ) o i v p v T T Q C H = where H vis the power losses by chimney, in W. Energy losses per year will be calculat
34、ed with: 000 1 v h v H C h E = where E vis the energy losses per year by chimney, in kWh. 3.4 Infiltration with door open (by wind) Wind speed is taken out of Figure 2. Air volume flow by infiltration is calculated with: C A v Q = iwhere Q iis the air volume flow by infiltration, in m 3 /s; C is the
35、 coefficient between 0,5 1 depending on building conditions. Building without air leakage C = 0,5. Air turbulence, which will affect this figure is not taken into consideration for this calculation method. By a total open building C = 1. The effect of building air leakage compared to the air flow th
36、rough an open door is neglectable and is not taken into consideration for this calculation method. Total power flow out of the building is calculated with: ( ) o i i p b T T Q C H = where H bis the total power flow out of the building, in W. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 9 Time needed t
37、o release the power out of the building is calculated with: i b Q V t = where t bis the time needed to release the power out of the building, in s; V is the volume of the building, in m 3 . Building heater capacity is calculated with: V F H = h hwhere H his the building heater capacity, in W; F his
38、the heater factor for industrial buildings, in W/m 3 . The heater will be activated when the building temperature is decreased by 1 C. Time needed to activate the heater is calculated with: b t H H H t = b 1 b b hwhere H b-1is the total power (capacity) in the building by T i -1C. o 1 i o i 1 b b T
39、T T T H H = according to Figure 1 b t H T T T T H H t = ) ) ( ) ( ( b o i o 1 i b b hb o i o 1 i h ) ) ( ( 1 ( t T T T T T = where t his the time needed to activate the heater, in s. Energy losses by infiltration is calculated with: E i= E b+E h( ) ( ) ( ) 600 3 w h h c h b b i C C n t t H t H E + =
40、 where PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 10 t b t cthan t b= t cand H h H bthan H h= H bE is the amount of energy released out of the building, in kWh; E his the amount of heater energy losses, in kWh; E iis the energy losses by infiltration, in kWh; t cis the door cycle time, in s; n are t
41、he door cycles per day. Key X time, in s Y capacity, in kW Figure 2 Infiltration (open door) 4 Results 4.1 General To get an overview of the relationship between the different energy losses, a case has been calculated (simplified calculation) with the following values: 4.2 Local/metrological data 2
42、)a) Building/door located in Paris, see Table 1; b) door direction west-southwest, see Figure 3; 2) Internet based metrological average values. PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 11 c) average air temperature in heating season T o= 10 C; d) average wind speed in heating season 5,0 m/s; e) co
43、rrection due to position of door C w= 34,7 %, see Table 2; f) heating days C h= 243 days. 4.3 Building/doors data (dimensions) a) Building height 8 m; b) volume V of the building 1 600 m 3 , 8 000 m 3and 16 000 m 3 ; c) door sizes 1) 3 m 3 m, 2) 4 m 4 m; d) door U-value = 1,5 W/m 2 K; e) air permeab
44、ility Class 2 (12 m 3 /m 2 h); f) heater capacity to calculation with 20 W/m 3 . 4.4 Building data (intended use) a) Temperature inside building T i= 18 C; b) time door open per cycle t c= 5 min; c) door cycles per year n = 1 000; d) working days per week = 5. Table 1 Metrological information of Par
45、is (wind direction, speed, temperature) Stats based on observations take between 7/20022/2009 daily from 7 am to 7 pm local time Month of year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 112 Average air temp. (C) 6 6 9 13 17 21 22 21 18 14 9 6 14 Dominant wind dire
46、ction ssw wsw wsw nne ene nne w wnw nne ssw ssw ssw Wind probability = 4 Beaufort (%) 39 34 47 32 34 22 31 27 28 32 28 36 33 Average wind speed in kts 11 10 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 in m/s 5,7 5,1 5,7 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 5,1 5,0 PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 12 Figure 3 Metr
47、ological information of Paris (wind rose diagram) Table 2 Correction due to position of door West-South-West % of direction % correction % of cor. direction North N 4 0 0 North-North-East NNE 9 0 0 North-East NE 6 0 0 East-North-East ENE 6 0 0 East E 4 0 0 East-South-East ESE 4 0 0 South-East SE 3 0
48、 0 South-South-East SSE 4 0 0 South S 6 38,2 2,29 South-South-West SSW 6 70,7 4,24 South-West SW 6 97,6 5,86 West-South-West WSW 9 100 9 West W 7 97,6 6,83 West-North-West WNW 7 70,7 4,95 North-West NW 4 38,2 1,53 North-North-West NNW 5 0 0 90 34,7 PD CEN/TR 16676:2014 CEN/TR 16676:2014 (E) 13 5 Res
49、ults for heat transmission U = 1,5 W/m 2 K; Average air temperature for Paris in heating season is T o= 10 C; ( ) ) 10 18 ( 5 , 1 o i t = = A T T U A H where A = 3 m 3 m industrial doorset; H t= 108 W; A = 4 m 4 m industrial doorset; H t= 192 W. 000 1 243 7 5 24 000 1 t t h t H H C h E = = where A = 3 m 3 m industria
