1、Bio-based products Guidelines for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the End-of-life phase PD CEN/TR 16957:2016 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16957:2016. The UK participation
2、in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MI/2, Bio-based products. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its
3、correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 92285 5 ICS 13.020.60 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Polic
4、y and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 16957:2016 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16957 September 2016 ICS 13.020.60 English Version Bio-based products - Guidelines fo
5、r Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the End-of-life phase Produits biosourcs - Lignes directrices relatives linventaire du cycle de vie (ICV) pour la phase de fin de vie Biobasierte Produkte - Leitlinien fr die Sachbilanzierung von Produkten in der Nachnutzungsphase This Technical Report was approved b
6、y CEN on 22 May 2016. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 411. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
7、 Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Managemen
8、t Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16957:2016 E PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative
9、references 5 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Modelling end-of-life options for bio-based products . 6 4.1 General 6 4.2 Documentation requirements 8 4.3 Reuse and/or preparation for reuse 8 4.4 Recycling 9 4.4.1 Mechanical recycling 9 4.4.2 Organic recycling 10 4.5 Recovery 13 4.5.1 Chemical recovery
10、. 13 4.5.2 Energy recovery 14 4.6 Incineration 14 4.6.1 General . 14 4.6.2 Parameters specific for bio-based waste . 15 4.6.3 Parameters specific for incineration models . 15 4.6.4 Documentation requirements . 16 4.7 Landfill . 16 4.7.1 General . 16 4.7.2 Parameters specific for bio-based waste . 16
11、 4.7.3 Parameters specific for landfill model . 16 4.7.4 Documentation requirements . 19 4.8 Wastewater treatment (WWT) . 19 4.8.1 Wastewater aerobic treatment . 19 4.8.2 Parameters specific for aerobic WWT models 20 4.8.3 Product specific parameters 20 4.8.4 Anaerobic primary sludge treatment . 20
12、4.9 Release of bio-based products in nature . 21 Annex A (informative) Examples of pathways 22 Bibliography . 24 PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 16957:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 411 “Bio- based products”, the secretariat
13、of which is held by NEN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 4 Introduction Bio-based products
14、from forestry and agriculture have a long history of application, such as paper, board and various chemicals and materials. The last decades have seen the emergence of new bio-based products in the market. Some of the reasons for the increased interest lie in the bio-based products benefits in relat
15、ion to the depletion of fossil resources and climate change. Bio-based products may also provide additional product functionalities. This has triggered a wave of innovation with the development of knowledge and technologies allowing new transformation processes and product development. Acknowledging
16、 the need for common standards for bio-based products, the European Commission issued mandate M/492, resulting in a series of standards developed by CEN/TC 411, with a focus on bio-based products other than food, feed and biomass for energy applications. The standards of CEN/TC 411 “Bio-based produc
17、ts” provide a common basis on the following aspects: Common terminology; Bio-based content determination; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Sustainability aspects; Declaration tools. It is important to understand what the term bio-based product covers and how it is being used. The term bio-based means de
18、rived from biomass. Bio-based products (bottles, insulation materials, wood and wood products, paper, solvents, chemical intermediates, composite materials, etc.) are products which are wholly or partly derived from biomass. It is essential to characterize the amount of biomass contained in the prod
19、uct by for instance its bio-based content or bio-based carbon content. The bio-based content of a product does not provide information on its environmental impact or sustainability, which may be assessed through LCA and sustainability criteria. In addition, transparent and unambiguous communication
20、within bio-based value chains is facilitated by a harmonized framework for certification and declaration. PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report provides guidance on how to compile an inventory for the end-of-life phase in LCA of bio-based products. All the end-of-
21、life treatments here addressed are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 End-of-life treatments addressed in this TR and related clauses NOTE The order of the end-of-life options indicated in Figure 1 respect the Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates the content of this T
22、echnical Report. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (in
23、cluding any amendments) applies. EN 16575, Bio-based products - Vocabulary EN 16760, Bio-based products - Life Cycle Assessment PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 16575, EN 16760 and the followi
24、ng apply. 3.1 chemical recovery process to recover valuable chemical substances by chemical treatment of used materials by hydrolysis, glycolysis, methanolysis, catalytic reaction, thermal reaction, and other chemical processes SOURCE: ISO 18601:2013, definition 3.1, modified - “packaging” replaced
25、by “materials”, “process to substitute used packaging for natural resources” deleted. 4 Modelling end-of-life options for bio-based products 4.1 General The end-of-life options for bio-based products are in general the same as the options available for non bio-based products. Each end-of-life option
26、 has different environmental impacts to be evaluated as part of the LCA. Life cycle inventory data (e.g. emissions to air, water and soil) related to the bio-based product end-of- life option depends on the type of treatment technology, processing conditions, the local infrastructure for collection
27、(e.g. separate collection of biodegradable waste for composting), sorting and processing, the location (i.e. the contribution of for example the electricity used) and the physical-chemical characteristics of the disposed material such as the chemical composition and the biodegradation behaviour. The
28、 end of life options recycling (mechanical or organic) and chemical recovery can lead to secondary materials, and consequently saving primary materials, keeping the bio-based carbon fixed in the material or preserving nutrients. NOTE 1 Collection, transportation and sorting of the waste from bio-bas
29、ed products are considered under the LCA but are not detailed in this Technical Report. Regardless of the origin of the process module applied in the LCA study (generic modules from LCA databases, other public data, or modules developed by the practitioner of the LCA study), the parameters shown in
30、Table 1 need to be defined in order to reflect the material properties of the studied bio-based waste. PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 7 Table 1 Properties of waste from bio-based products Parameters Unit Combustion characteristics Lower Heating Value (LHV) MJ/kg Share of biodegradable car
31、bon actually decomposed into inorganic components within a defined time period In composting % In landfill Time period covered % years In incineration % In anaerobic digestion % Water content % (weight) Chemical composition (in dry mass) Carbon (fossil) (C) g/kg Carbon (biogenic) (C) g/kg Hydrogen (
32、H) g/kg Oxygen (O) g/kg Sulphur (S) g/kg Nitrogen (N) g/kg Fluorine (F) g/kg Chlorine (Cl) g/kg Magnesium (Mn) g/kg Potassium (K) g/kg Calcium (Ca) g/kg Arsenic (As) g/kg Cadmium (Cd) g/kg Nickel (Ni) g/kg Cobalt (Co) g/kg Chromium (Cr) g/kg Copper (Cu) g/kg Mercury (Hg) g/kg Manganese (Mg) g/kg Lea
33、d (Pb) g/kg Zinc (Zn) g/kg Other elements (e.g. Se and Mo) g/kg PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 8 NOTE 2 Very low concentrations (ppm) of some of these elements may have a high impact and therefore need to be included in the LCI. The quantity of energy contained in a material is generally
34、expressed through the Lower Heating Value (LHV). This parameter points out the maximum energy obtainable from the complete combustion of the material, without considering the heat of the water vapour generated by the combustion. The lower heating value of bio-based product waste can be measured acco
35、rding to EN 15359. LHV can be estimated using the following formula, based on the chemical composition of the bio-based material. 2 / 2,2 2,2 9 = LHV MJ kg HHV H O H where 9,83 124,27 34,02 19,07 6,28 = + + + + HHV O H C S N where HHV is Higher Heating Value (MJ/kg material); O is oxygen (without O
36、from H 2O) (kg/kg of material); H is hydrogen (without H from H 2O) (kg/kg of material); C is carbon (kg/kg of material); N is nitrogen (kg/kg of material); S is sulphur (kg/kg of material). NOTE 3 Source: Ecoinvent 15. The share of biodegradable carbon actually decomposed into inorganic components,
37、 along with, chemical composition of the bio-based material guarantee, for example, a closed biogenic carbon balance in the LCA system model of the bio-based product. 4.2 Documentation requirements The properties of the waste from bio-based products (Table 1) need to be documented along with their d
38、ata sources to ensure transparency and enable comparability. This is especially relevant in case of cradle-to-grave studies, where those properties are of key importance to correctly model the end-of-life process along the value chain. Biogenic carbon content in any LCA study of bio-based products/m
39、aterials should be documented. Biogenic carbon emissions (carbon dioxide, methane), originating from decomposition or combustion, of bio-based material need to be documented separately from non-bio-based carbon emissions in order to allow a consistent biogenic carbon balance over the full lifecycle
40、of a bio-based product. 4.3 Reuse and/or preparation for reuse Reuse means any operation by which products or components that are not waste are used again for the same purpose for which they were conceived. Preparing for reuse means checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by which produ
41、cts or components of products that have become waste are prepared so that they can be reused without any other pre-processing. PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 9 Important aspects to consider in the LCA study are the energy use from transportation to collection and logistic points and the u
42、se of resources for the preparation for reuse (e.g. water use, cleaning agents, energy, etc.). NOTE See also Annex C of ILCD Handbook 17. 4.4 Recycling 4.4.1 Mechanical recycling 4.4.1.1 General In mechanical recycling, waste material is reclaimed in order to enable use of the material in manufactur
43、e of a new product. During mechanical recycling, waste for example is ground, cleaned and eventually recycled (e.g. for plastics recycled into flakes or pellets). The quality of the recycled materials differs depending on original material properties and recycling processes applied. This waste treat
44、ment pathway is open to bio-based materials. Prerequisite for a valuable mechanical recycling of bio-based material is (a source-separated) waste collection and subsequent sorting. Recycled bio-based material maintains the CO 2 fixed from the atmosphere during plant growth within the technical mater
45、ial cycle. This might be accountable as a type of carbon sequestration. In such case bio-based carbon may therefore be considered as sequestered in the recycled bio-based material until the recycled material (after one or more recycling “loops”) ends up in a final treatment (incineration, composting
46、 or anaerobic digestion process). 4.4.1.2 Parameters specific for bio-based waste The key parameters for modelling bio-based waste recycling are listed in Table 2. Table 2 Parameters required for recycling model Energy demand electrical kWh/t waste input Energy demand thermal kWh/t waste input Energ
47、y demand mechanical kWh/t waste input Operating supplies (e.g. water, detergents) Recycling efficiency (dry weight of waste) (%) kg output materials/ kg input materials x 100 Amount of non-recycled fraction (kg) and its end-of-life Depending on the LCA modelling approach to be used, information on w
48、hat is substituted, the end use market or the quality of the recycled material may be needed. 4.4.1.3 Documentation requirements Bio-based carbon content that is fixed in recycled material needs to be documented in order to guarantee a consistent biogenic carbon balance over the lifecycle. Inventory
49、 and impact assessment results need to be presented transparently, separately indicating contributions of recycling processes and any associated credits (e.g. credits for replacement of virgin materials). PD CEN/TR 16957:2016CEN/TR 16957:2016 (E) 10 4.4.2 Organic recycling 4.4.2.1 General During organic recycling, biodegradable materials are exposed to the action of microorganisms. A fundamental change in the molecular structure of the materials occurs. The process can be aerobic (with air) or anaerobic (without air). In the
