1、Sustainability of construction works Additional environmental impact categories and indicators Background information and possibilities Evaluation of the possibility of adding environmental impact categories and related indicators and calculation methods for the assessment of the environmental perfo
2、rmance of buildings PD CEN/TR 17005:2016 BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 17005:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/558, Sust
3、ainability of construction works. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Insti
4、tution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 90477 6 ICS 91.010.99 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2016. Am
5、endments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 17005:2016 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 17005 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 ICS 91.010.99 English Version Sustainability of construction works - Additional environmental impact categ
6、ories and indicators - Background information and possibilities - Evaluation of the possibility of adding environmental impact categories and related indicators and calculation methods for the assessment of the environmental performance of buildings Indicateurs complmentaires pour la dclaration de l
7、a performance environnementale des produits de construction et pour lvaluation de la performance environnementale des btiments Nachhaltigkeit von Bauwerken - Hintergrundinformationen zu mglichen, zustzlichen Wirkungskategorien und Indikatoren fr die Erfassung der umweltbezogenen Qualitt von Gebuden
8、This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 26 August 2016. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 350. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Fra
9、nce, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES K
10、OMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 17005:2016 E PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword 5
11、Introduction 7 1 Scope . 9 2 The need for additional impact categories . 10 2.1 Environmental relevance 10 2.2 Policy relevance 13 2.3 Conclusions . 14 3 Evaluation criteria for additional environmental impact categories for CEN/TC 350 . 14 3.1 Introduction . 14 3.1.1 General . 14 3.1.2 Criteria rel
12、ated to standardization 15 3.1.3 Criteria related to the LCIA models and indicators . 15 3.2 Evaluation framework for additional environmental impact categories for CEN/TC 350. 16 3.2.1 General . 16 3.2.2 Environmental relevance Standardization (step 1) . 17 3.2.3 Relevance for buildings (step 2a) .
13、 17 3.2.4 Relevance for construction products (step 2b) . 17 3.2.5 Policy relevance (step 3) . 17 3.2.6 Performance based (step 4a) . 17 3.2.7 Quantifiable (step 4b) . 18 3.2.8 Scientific robustness and certainty (step 5) . 18 3.2.9 Applicability of the life cycle impact assessment method/model (ste
14、p 6) . 19 3.2.10 Stakeholder acceptance of the impact assessment model (step 7) 20 3.3 Compliance criteria of the ILCD handbook . 20 3.4 Information sources regarding the additional impact categories . 21 4 The evaluation of additional impact categories 21 4.1 General . 21 4.2 Human toxicity: Cancer
15、 and non-cancer effects 21 4.2.1 Description . 21 4.2.2 Relevance of human toxicity (step 1+2+3) . 25 4.2.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) 30 4.2.4 Scientific substantiation of available LCIA methods (step 5) . 31 4.2.5 Applicability (step 6) 33 4.2.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7) 36 4.2.
16、7 Conclusions on methodology . 37 4.2.8 Overall conclusions on human toxicity 39 4.3 Ecotoxicity: Terrestrial, freshwater and marine 39 4.3.1 Description of impact category . 39 4.3.2 Relevance of ecotoxicity standardization (step 1+2+3) . 42 4.3.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) 44 4.3.4 Sc
17、ientific substantiation of available LCIA methods (step 5) . 45 4.3.5 Applicability (step 6) 47 4.3.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7) 50 4.3.7 Conclusions on methodology . 50 PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 3 4.3.8 Overall conclusions on ecotoxicity 53 4.4 Particulate matter formation 53 4
18、.4.1 Description of impact category . 53 4.4.2 Relevance of particulate matter formation (step 1+2+3) . 58 4.4.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) 65 4.4.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5) . 68 4.4.5 Applicability (step 6) 70 4.4.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7
19、) 72 4.4.7 Conclusions on methodology . 72 4.4.8 Overall conclusions on particulate matter . 73 4.5 Ionizing radiation: human health and ecosystem health 73 4.5.1 Description . 73 4.5.2 Relevance of ionizing radiation (step 1+2+3) . 77 4.5.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) 83 4.5.4 Scientifi
20、c substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5) . 84 4.5.5 Applicability (step 6) 84 4.5.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7) 85 4.5.7 Conclusions on methodology . 86 4.5.8 Overall conclusions on ionizing radiation 86 4.6 Land use: Occupation and transformation / Biodiversity . 87 4.6.1 Descrip
21、tion . 87 4.6.2 Relevance of land use (step 1+2+3) 91 4.6.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) . 103 4.6.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5) 104 4.6.5 Applicability (step 6) . 108 4.6.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7) . 111 4.6.7 Conclusions on methodology 111 4.6
22、.8 Overall conclusions on land use 112 4.7 Water scarcity 113 4.7.1 Description 113 4.7.2 Relevance of water scarcity (step 1+2+3) 120 4.7.3 List of available LCIA methods (step 4) . 122 4.7.4 Scientific substantiation of the available LCIA methods (step 5) 124 4.7.5 Applicability (step 6) . 126 4.7
23、.6 Stakeholder acceptance (step 7) . 128 4.7.7 Conclusions on methodology 128 4.7.8 Overall conclusions on water scarcity . 129 5 Overview of intermediate non-LCA indicators . 129 5.1 General 129 5.2 Land use/biodiversity assessed in BREEAM . 129 5.2.1 General 129 5.2.2 Land Use and Biodiversity . 1
24、31 5.3 DGNB 133 5.3.1 General 133 5.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity . 134 5.4 HQE . 135 Annex A (informative) Possibilities for uptake in standardization process . 137 A.1 Introduction 137 A.2 Structure of the table . 137 Annex B (informative) Recommended methods for life cycle impact assessment withi
25、n ILCD Handbook 143 PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 4 Annex C (informative) Life cycle impact assessment within the ILCD Handbook . 146 Annex D (informative) General criteria and sub-criteria for the analysis of characterization models within ILCD Handbook . 148 Annex E (informative) Descr
26、iption of the general literature sources consulted . 151 Annex F (informative) Illustration of land use types in LCIA methods . 152 Bibliography 155 PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 5 European foreword This document (CEN/TR 17005:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 350 “Su
27、stainability of construction works”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has bee
28、n prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. Figure 1 Domain of LCA (14, p. 33) NOTE 1 One of the main drivers for using LCA, is the prevention of burden shifting. NOTE 2 If in future, models become available that combine global environm
29、ental impacts with health impacts to the building users due to direct exposure, these might be considered in the context of the CEN/TC 350 framework in future. Although the EN 15804 standard follows the LCA approach, it also states that additional information on release of dangerous substances to in
30、door air, soil and water during the use stage shall be provided (EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, 7.4). EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, 7.4.1 stipulates the requirements related to releases to indoor air, and EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, 7.4.2 stipulates the requirements related to releases to soil and water. Such releases
31、are included in EN 15804 as these have a potential direct impact/risk for the inhabitants/users of the building. PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 6 Both EN 15804 and EN 15978 contain seven life cycle environmental impact categories. Since their publication, however, a perceived need has ari
32、sen to include in these standards a broader set of environmental impacts categories due to the following: Additional environmental impact categories are currently part of European recommendations and of national legislation of several Member States. Additional environmental indicators are used in cu
33、rrent practice (see EN 15643-2:2011, B.2 3). New research and developments in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods and the characterization of environmental impacts. This Technical Report (TR) has been developed to provide guidance to the working groups of CEN/TC 350 on the extension of the i
34、mpact categories in EN 15804 and EN 15978. The TR provides a framework for the evaluation of environmental impact categories and evaluates the impact categories human toxicity and ecotoxicity, particulate matter, land use, biodiversity, water scarcity; and ionizing radiation by implementing the fram
35、ework developed. During the preparation of the TR a range of experts, such as developers of impact assessment models, LCA software developers and experts from the EC-JRC were consulted. NOTE 3 Although this report is primarily referenced to buildings, the indicators and methods reviewed might have e
36、qual application in other construction works. PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 7 Introduction List of abbreviations: CDV Critical Dilution Volume CF Characterization Factor EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive EPD Environmental Product Declaration ILCD International Reference Life
37、 Cycle Data System LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCI Life Cycle Inventory LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment PCR Product Category Rules PEF Product Environmental Footprint RA Risk Assessment TR Technical Report TSP Total Suspended Particles The standards EN 15804 1 and EN 15978 2 provide a basis for the
38、environmental assessment of buildings using a life cycle assessment approach. The EN 15804 standard 1 provides core product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations of any construction product and services. An Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a verified document that re
39、ports environmental data of products based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and other relevant information and in accordance with the international standard ISO 14025 (Type III Environmental Declarations). The EN 15978 standard 2 specifies the calculation method to assess the environmental performance
40、 of a building, based on LCA (i.e. using EPD for construction products and services) and other quantified environmental information (i.e. (1) indicators describing resource use based on input flows of the life cycle inventory (LCI) and (2) indicators describing waste categories and output flows deri
41、ved from scenarios and LCI), and gives the means for the reporting and communication of the outcome of the assessment. Life cycle Assessment (LCA) is defined as the “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycl
42、e”. (ISO 14040). In LCA, the modelling is typically made at the global level, resulting in global characterization factors. Inherent to the modelling, the (current) environmental impact assessment models within LCA do not cover local impacts/risks due to direct exposure of some persons to a certain
43、emission/hazardous substance. As it is acknowledged that the variation in population density influences the exposure rate and hence also the potential health damage, regional characterization factors (based on regional differences in population density) for some health related impact categories are
44、being developed. The same is true for ecosystems related impact categories. As is illustrated in Figure 1, LCA (in current practice) covers a great part of the total environmental perspective but is clearly restricted to regional and global impacts to the external environment (i.e. it does not inclu
45、de effects due to indoor exposure of the users of a building). Effects for which there is a low plausibility that they will occur (e.g. risks from nuclear waste) and local effects from the products PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 8 on the manufacturers or users are disregarded. Recently, r
46、esearch has started to also address health effects due to indoor emissions on building users with similar approaches as used in LCA 13. PD CEN/TR 17005:2016CEN/TR 17005:2016 (E) 9 1 Scope This Technical Report (TR) has been developed by CEN/TC 350/WG 1 and WG 3 to provide a clear and structured view
47、 on the relevance, robustness and applicability of a predefined set of additional impact categories and related indicators for the assessment of the environmental performance of construction works, construction products and building materials. The TR describes the evaluation criteria that are used t
48、o determine, for these impact categories, the suitability of indicators and calculation method(s) for inclusion in the standards EN 15978 and EN 15804 (or other CEN/TC 350 standards as appropriate) in terms of their: a) relevance to: 1) the environment, 2) construction works, 3) construction product
49、s, and 4) EU policy; b) scientific robustness and certainty; and c) applicability of the impact assessment method(s). The additional impact categories examined in the TR are: human toxicity and ecotoxicity; particulate matter; land use; biodiversity; water scarcity; and ionizing radiation. Because EN 15978 and EN 15804 are founded on a life cycle approach, the impact categories, indicators and methods reviewed are predominantly based on their potential suitability for application in LCA. In relation to some of the areas of conc
