1、BSI Standards Publication Fibre optic communication system design guides Part 9: Guidance on polarization mode dispersion measurements and theory PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC/TR 61282-9:2016. It supersedes PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2006 whic
2、h is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee GEL/86, Fibre optics, to Subcommittee GEL/86/3, Fibre optic systems and active devices. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication doe
3、s not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 89393 3 ICS 33.180.01 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
4、legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016 IEC TR 61282-9 Edition 2.0 2016-03 TECHNICAL REPOR
5、T Fibre optic communication system design guides Part 9: Guidance on polarization mode dispersion measurements and theory INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 33.180.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-3236-1 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you o
6、btained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour inside PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016 2 IEC TR 61282-9:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 4 INTRODUCTION . 6 1 Scope 7 2 Normative references. 7 3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations . 7 3.1 Terms and definitions 7 3.2 Abbreviations 8 4 Theore
7、tical framework . 8 4.1 Limitations and outline 8 4.2 Optical field and state of polarization . 8 4.3 SOP measurements, Stokes vectors, and Poincar sphere rotations 11 4.4 First order polarization mode dispersion 14 4.5 Birefringence vector, concatenations, and mode coupling . 16 4.6 The statistics
8、of PMD and second order PMD 17 4.7 Managing time 20 5 Measurement methods . 20 5.1 General . 20 5.2 Stokes parameter evaluation . 22 5.2.1 Equipment setup and procedure . 22 5.2.2 Jones matrix eigenanalysis 23 5.2.3 Poincar sphere analysis . 24 5.2.4 One ended measurements based on SPE 3 26 5.3 Phas
9、e shift based measurement methods 27 5.3.1 General . 27 5.3.2 Modulation phase shift Full search . 28 5.3.3 Modulation phase shift method Mueller set analysis 4 29 5.3.4 Polarization phase shift measurement method5 31 5.4 Interferometric measurement methods . 33 5.4.1 General . 33 5.4.2 Generalized
10、interferometric method 6 . 35 5.4.3 Traditional interferometric measurement method . 40 5.5 Fixed analyser 41 5.5.1 General . 41 5.5.2 Extrema counting . 42 5.5.3 Fourier transform . 43 5.5.4 Cosine Fourier transform 44 5.5.5 Spectral differentiation . 45 5.6 Wavelength scanning OTDR and SOP analysi
11、s (WSOSA) method 7 . 46 5.6.1 General . 46 5.6.2 Continuous model 48 5.6.3 Large difference model . 49 5.6.4 Scrambling factor derivation . 50 6 Limitations . 53 6.1 General . 53 6.2 Amplified spontaneous emission and degree of polarization . 53 6.3 Polarization dependent loss (or gain) . 53 PD IEC/
12、TR 61282-9:2016IEC TR 61282-9:2016 IEC 2016 3 6.4 Coherence effects and multiple path interference . 54 6.5 Test lead fibres . 54 6.6 Aerial cables testing 55 Bibliography . 56 Figure 1 Two electric field vector polarizations of the HE 11mode in a SMF . 10 Figure 2 A rotation on the Poincar sphere .
13、 13 Figure 3 Strong mode coupling Frequency evolution of the SOP 16 Figure 4 Random DGD variation vs. wavelength . 18 Figure 5 Histogram of DGD values from Figure 4 18 Figure 6 SPE equipment diagram . 22 Figure 7 Relationship of orthogonal output SOPs to the PDV 24 Figure 8 Stokes vector rotation wi
14、th frequency change 25 Figure 9 Setup for modulation phase shift . 27 Figure 10 Setup for polarization phase shift 28 Figure 11 Output SOP relation to the PSP 30 Figure 12 Interferometric measurement setup . 33 Figure 13 Interferogram relationships . 35 Figure 14 Mean square envelopes 38 Figure 15 F
15、ixed analyser setup 41 Figure 16 Fixed analyser ratio 42 Figure 17 Power spectrum . 44 Figure 18 Fourier transform 44 Figure 19 WSOSA setup 46 Figure 20 Frequency grid . 47 Table 1 Map of test methods and International Standards . 22 Table 2 Mueller SOPs 29 PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016 4 IEC TR 61282-9:20
16、16 IEC 2016 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDES Part 9: Guidance on polarization mode dispersion measurements and theory FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising a
17、ll national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, T
18、echnical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory
19、work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations
20、. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recom
21、mendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by an
22、y end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional pub
23、lication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by indep
24、endent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any
25、personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative
26、 references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsibl
27、e for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as a
28、n International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC TR 61282-9, which is a Technical Report, has been prepared by subcommittee 86C: Fibre optic systems and active devices, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2
29、006. This second edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) much of the theory has been condensed focusing only on content that is needed to explain the test method; b) symbols have been removed, but abbreviations are retained; PD IEC/TR 612
30、82-9:2016IEC TR 61282-9:2016 IEC 2016 5 c) the material in the Clause 5 has been significantly reduced in an effort to avoid repeating what is already in the actual International Standards. Instead, the focus is on explaining the International Standards; d) measurement methods that are not found in
31、International Standards have been removed; e) there are significant corrections to the modulation phase shift method, particularly in regard to the Mueller set technique; f) there are significant corrections to the polarization phase shift method; g) the proof of the GINTY interferometric method is
32、presented. This proof also extends to the Fixed Analyser Cosine transfer technique; h) another Fixed Analyser method is suggested. This is based on the proof of the GINTY method and is called “spectral differentiation method“; i) Clause 6 has been renamed “Limitations“ and refocused on the limitatio
33、ns of the test methods. This Technical Report is not intended to be an engineering manual; j) the annexes have been removed; k) the bibliography has been much reduced in size; l) the introduction has been expanded to include some information on system impairments. The text of this Technical Report i
34、s based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 86C/1342/DTR 86C/1366/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Di
35、rectives, Part 2. A list of all parts in the IEC 61282 series, published under the general title Fibre optic communication system design guides, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated o
36、n the IEC website under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. IMPORTANT The colour inside
37、 logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer. PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016 6 IEC TR 61282-9:2016 IEC 2016 INTRODUCTION This T
38、echnical Report is complementary to the International Standards describing PMD procedures (IEC 60793-1-48, IEC 61280-4-4, IEC 61290-11-1, IEC 61290-11-2 and IEC 61300-3-32) and other design guides on PMD (IEC 61282-3 and IEC 61292-5), as well as ITU-T Recommendation G.650.2. The system power penalty
39、 associated with PMD varies depending on transmission format and bit rate. It also varies with optical frequency and state of polarization (SOP) of the light source. At the output of a link, the signal can shift from a maximum delay to a minimum delay as a result of using different SOPs at the sourc
40、e. The difference in these delays is called the differential group delay (DGD), which is associated with two extremes of input SOP. At these extremes, a signal in the form of a single pulse appears shifted up or down by half the DGD, about a midpoint, at the output. At intermediate SOPs, the single
41、pulse appears as a weighted total of two pulses at the output, one shifted up by half the DGD and one shifted down by half the DGD. This weighted total of two shifted pulses is what causes signal distortion. The system power penalty is partly defined in terms of a maximum allowed bit error rate and
42、a minimum received power. In the absence of distortion, there is a minimum received power that will produce the maximum allowed bit error rate. In the presence of distortion, the received power should be increased to produce the maximum bit error rate. The magnitude of the required increase of recei
43、ved power is the power penalty of the distortion. The term PMD is used to describe two distinctly different ideas. One idea is associated with the signal distortion induced by transmission media for which the output SOP varies with optical frequency. This is the fundamental source of signal distorti
44、on. The other idea is that of a number (value) associated with the measurement of a single-mode fibre transmission link or element of that link. There are several measurement methods with different strengths and capabilities. They are all based on quantifying the magnitude of possible variation in o
45、utput SOP with optical frequency. The objective of this Technical Report is to explain the commonality of the different methods. The DGD at the sources optical frequency is what controls the maximum penalty across all possible SOPs. However, in most links, the DGD varies randomly across optical freq
46、uency and time. The PMD value associated with measurements, and which is specified, is a statistical metric that describes the DGD distribution. There are two main metrics, linear average and root-mean square (RMS), that exist in the literature and in the measurement methods. For most situations, on
47、e metric can be calculated from the other using a conversion formula. The reason for the dual metrics is an accident of history. If history could be corrected, the RMS definition would be the most suitable. For the non-return to zero transmission format, DGD equal to 0,3 of the bit period yields app
48、roximately 1 dB maximum penalty. Because DGD varies randomly, a rule of thumb emerged in the system standardization groups: keep PMD less than 0,1 of the bit period for less than 1 dB penalty. This assumes that DGD larger than three times the PMD, and that the source output SOP produces the worst ca
49、se distortion, is not very likely. For 10 Gbit/s non- return to zero, this rule yields a design rule: keep the link PMD less than 10 ps. ITU-T G.sup.39 1 1has more information on the relationship of PMD and system penalties. _ 1Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography. PD IEC/TR 61282-9:2016IEC TR 61282-9:2016 IEC 2016 7 FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDES Part 9: Guidance on polarization mode dispersion measurements a
