1、Digital sheet music Market, use cases, and related technologies PD IEC/TR 63020:2016 BSI Standards PublicationNational foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of IEC/TR 63020:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EPL/100, Audio, video an
2、d multimedia systems and equipment. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Ins
3、titution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 91331 0 ICS 33.160.01; 37.080 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 3 2016. Am
4、endments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD IEC/TR 63020:2016 IEC TR 63020 Edition 1.0 2016-05 TECHNICAL REPORT Digital sheet music Market, use cases, and related technologies INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS 33.160.01; 37.080 ISBN 978-2-8322-32
5、87-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. colour inside PD IEC/TR 63020:2016 2 IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 3 INTRODUCTION . 5 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references. 6
6、3 Terms and definitions 6 4 Overview of the sheet music market . 6 4.1 Market relevance 6 4.2 Use cases for the sheet music market . 7 4.3 Use cases for the digital sheet music market . 8 4.4 Market structure and impact of digitization . 9 5 Elements of digital sheet music infrastructure . 9 5.1 Gen
7、eral . 9 5.2 Music notation markup language . 10 5.2.1 General . 10 5.2.2 Symbolic music representation (SMR) 10 5.2.3 Standard music description language (SMDL) . 10 5.2.4 The music encoding initiative (MEI) 10 5.2.5 MusicXML 11 5.2.6 LilyPond 11 5.3 Metadata for sheet music 11 5.3.1 General . 11 5
8、.3.2 The Dublin Core metadata element set . 11 5.3.3 Music metadata style guide 11 5.3.4 The music ontology 11 5.4 Musical font and font layout . 12 5.4.1 General . 12 5.4.2 Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL) and compliant fonts 12 5.5 Digital rights management . 12 5.6 Reflowable sheet music . 12 5
9、.7 Annotation 12 6 Conclusion 12 Bibliography . 13 Figure 1 Market structure and impact of digitization 9 Table 1 Major use cases for sheet music 7 Table 2 List of stakeholders . 8 Table 3 Additional use cases for digital sheet music . 8 PD IEC/TR 63020:2016IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 3 INTERNATIONAL
10、 ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ DIGITAL SHEET MUSIC MARKET, USE CASES, AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of
11、IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PA
12、S) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising wi
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14、early as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in t
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17、 any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest
18、 edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whethe
19、r direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indi
20、spensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical c
21、ommittees is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC TR 63020, which is
22、a technical report, has been prepared by technical area 10: Multimedia e-publishing and e-book technologies, of IEC technical committee 100: Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment. The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 100/25
23、40/DTR 100/2648/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. PD IEC/TR 63020:2016 4 IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The c
24、ommittee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised ed
25、ition, or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. IMPORTANT The colour inside logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore
26、print this document using a colour printer. PD IEC/TR 63020:2016IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 5 INTRODUCTION Music notation was invented more than 3 000 years ago. As it was with books, the first and biggest technological change was introduced by the invention of the letterpress in the 14 thcentury. Si
27、nce then, sheet music technology has changed only insofar as the information age and the rise of digital media have changed all media. Specific applications of technology to sheet music are still in the very early stages. Various technologies and standards exist or have been proposed as standards. S
28、ome technology, such as MusicXML 3 1 , succeeded in introducing the concept of interoperability and data compatibility to the industry, but most technologies provided little consideration for interoperability, compatibility with data and processes, or standardization for quality. In this context, th
29、e sheet music industry hasnt yet been able to offer mature digital sheet music to the market. This Technical Report starts by reviewing the current industry and the use cases around sheet music. It then catalogues the technologies currently available in the area of digital sheet music. Finally, the
30、report combines these two aspects to illustrate the huge potential to improve digital sheet music technology as well as the added value that standardization offers. _ 1Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography. PD IEC/TR 63020:2016 6 IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 DIGITAL SHEET MUSIC MARKET,
31、USE CASES, AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES 1 Scope This Technical Report (TR) provides information related to digital sheet music. It starts with a brief overview of the sheet music market and then explains the use cases for traditional sheet music as well as additional use cases for digitized sheet music
32、(digital sheet music). Finally, it shows examples of each area of technology areas. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For un
33、dated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC 10744:1997, Information technology Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime) ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008, Information technology Coding of audio-visual objects Part 23: Symbolic Music Repr
34、esentation ISO 8879:1986, Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) ISO 15836:2009, Information and documentation The Dublin Core metadata element set 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply
35、. 3.1 score collection of musical notations of different musical instruments for a musical composition 3.2 sheet music piece of paper, sometimes bundled in a book or booklet, with musical symbols printed on it 4 Overview of the sheet music market 4.1 Market relevance Very little information is publi
36、cly available on the market size of the sheet music industry. According to IBISWorld, the sheet music market in the United States in 2013 was 345 M USD. There is no verified or widely-accepted market size number for the sheet music global market. Using the number for the US market, this report assum
37、es the global market size of the sheet music industry is 500 M to 700 M USD. The musical instrument market and music playback/performance markets are closely related to the sheet music market, and they generate 16 B USD and 16,5 B USD, respectively. Sheet music, musical instruments, and playback/per
38、formance are equally important in music, but the sheet music industry is the PD IEC/TR 63020:2016IEC TR 63020:2016 IEC 2016 7 smallest of the three. By enhancing the value of sheet music using the latest technology, the sheet music industry has a good chance to grow. 4.2 Use cases for the sheet musi
39、c market Major use cases for sheet music are listed in Table 1. These use cases are categorized into three groups, i.e. authoring, distribution, and consumption. Table 1 Major use cases for sheet music Category Use case label Use case details Authoring Compose Compose songs. Compositions can be as s
40、imple as a one bar jingle for advertisement to full-scale orchestral compositions. Traditional composers typically use pen and manuscript paper along with musical instruments while composing. However, composing on computers (desktop music) has also become common. Arrange Arrange songs. “Composing” u
41、sually refers to creating an original musical work. On the other hand, “arranging” is to transform original music into other forms, such as creating variations, adding/subtracting parts for different sets of instruments, as well as the changing of the musical style. Arrangers and composers have the
42、same requirements for sheet music. Engraving Composers and arrangers cannot necessarily create playable sheet music. Their handwriting can be hard to read and the layouts of notes and bars wont always consider playability. Musical engravers turn the musical works of composers and arrangers into comm
43、ercially-viable and musically-playable sheet music. Distribution Print Printing music commercially. Traditional music publishers use a variety of paper sizes to print music. Not only have they not adopted paper size standards like letter or A4, but they havent even standardized on a paper size among
44、st themselves. While these commercial publishers use non-standard sizes that are usually bigger than letter or A4, non-commercial printing is typically done on personal printers using standard sizes: letter or A4. Publishing Sheet music is published as a single piece or as a bundled book. Sheet musi
45、c pieces usually come with a simple front cover. Music books sometimes contain full color photographic pages, such as a scene for a musical. The music is usually printed in black, though is sometimes in color, especially for childrens music. Publishers have their preferred musical font. Sheet music
46、for children and beginners tend to be in larger music fonts. Cataloguing Major music publishers issue regular, periodic catalogs (usually annually) for their customers. Typically, sheet music pieces listed by genre and then by name. Each entry contains the cover page image, arrangement, price, diffi
47、culty, etc. Recently, music publishers provide the same information on their websites which offer a more effective way for customers to search and find the music they want. Purchase / Delivery Sheet music is typically sold at a bookstore or musical instrument shop. It is also becoming common to purc
48、hase sheet music online. Sheet music is delivered in physical form to users. Marketing The sheet music market is small compared to other media markets. Therefore, sheet music marketing activity is generally inconspicuous. However, timing is very important in sheet music marketing. For example, when
49、a song hits a top chart, or is featured in a popular movie, the sheet music should be available soon thereafter. Rental Sheet music rental is common for modern classical pieces, where the number of copies to be sold will not meet a commercially viable number. Rights management Copyright plays a major part in rights management for sheet music. Beside those laws and regulations enforced by governments, there are other rights based on private contracts, such as mark
