1、BSI Standards Publication Paper, board and pulps Basic terms and equations for optical properties PD ISO/TR 10688:2015National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 10688:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PAI/11, Methods
2、of test for paper, board and pulps. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Ins
3、titution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 86127 7 ICS 85.040; 85.060 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2
4、015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO 2015 Paper, board and pulps Basic terms and equations for optical properties Papiers, cartons et ptes quations et termes de base pour proprits optiques TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10688 Ref
5、erence number ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) First edition 2015-11-15 PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utili
6、zed otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyrigh
7、t office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and definitions . 1 2.1 Brightness . 1 3 Calculations 9 3.1 Colour
8、 appearance, tristimulus values . 9 3.2 Reflectance factor, Y-value, opacity, transmittance 13 3.2.1 Reflectance factor, R .13 3.2.2 Luminous reflectance factor, R y13 3.2.3 Y-value (C/2)14 3.2.4 Opacity .14 3.2.5 Transmittance from luminous reflectance factor measurements 14 3.3 Brightness 14 3.4 L
9、ight-scattering and light-absorption coefficients .15 3.4.1 Conditions for the Kubelka-Munk theory 15 3.4.2 Calculations of s and k16 3.5 Chromaticity coordinates .17 3.6 Dominant wavelength 18 3.7 CIELAB colour space coordinates 18 3.8 Colour differences in CIELAB colour space .20 3.9 CIE-whiteness
10、 and Tint .21 3.9.1 CIE tint .21 3.9.2 CIE-whiteness, W 21 3.10 Fluorescence component 22 3.11 Metamerism index 23 3.12 Yellowness index 23 Bibliography .24 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents Page PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Stand
11、ardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
12、to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures u
13、sed to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
14、 of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identif
15、ied during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation o
16、n the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is
17、ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.iv ISO 2015 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) Introduction International Standards published by ISO/TC 6 for the determination of optical properties include a lot of definitions and formulae which are used to perform optical measurements a
18、nd calculations on papers and boards. It is very valuable for the pulp and paper industry utilizing these International Standards to have access to a single document which gathers together all the various formulae required for the calculation of these optical properties. This Technical Report is bas
19、ed on a SCAN-test document first published in 1994 and revised in 2003. This Technical Report includes not only formulae but also the values of various constants which appear in these formulae. It is particularly valuable to have the various formulae but also these constants standardized and gathere
20、d into a single document when new software programs are being developed either by an instrument manufacturer or in an independent laboratory to ensure that exactly the same expressions are used for such calculations in all the laboratories worldwide when measurements are made in accordance with the
21、ISO/TC 6 standards. ISO 2015 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 Paper, board and pulps Basic terms and equations for optical properties 1 Scope This Technical Report provides a summary of the formulae used for determining the optical properties of pulp, paper and board. This Technical Report
22、 is to be used in conjunction with the particular International Standards for the determination of the desired optical properties. This Technical Report provides the information necessary for those involved in development of software for computation of optical properties in accordance with current I
23、SO standards. 2 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 Brightness 2.1.1 ISO brightness, R457 diffuse blue reflectance factor, UV level C intrinsic diffuse radiance (reflectance) factor measured with a reflectometer having the charac
24、teristics described in ISO 2469, equipped with a filter or corresponding function having an effective wavelength of 457 nm and a half bandwidth of 44 nm, and adjusted so that the UV content of the irradiation incident upon the test piece corresponds to that of the CIE illuminant C Note 1 to entry: T
25、he filter function is described more fully by the weighting function factors given in ISO 2470-1, Annex A. SOURCE: ISO 2470-1:2009, 3.4, modified 2.1.2 D65 brightness, R457 D65 diffuse blue reflectance factor, UV level D65 intrinsic diffuse radiance (reflectance) factor measured with a reflectometer
26、 having the characteristics described in ISO 2469, equipped with a filter or corresponding function having an effective wavelength of 457 nm and a half-peak bandwidth of 44 nm, and adjusted so that the UV content of the irradiation incident upon the test piece corresponds to that of the CIE standard
27、 illuminant D65 Note 1 to entry: The filter function is described more fully by the weighting function factors given in ISO 2470-2, Annex A and Table A.1. SOURCE: ISO 2470-2:2008, 3.4, modified 2.2 CIE colour matching functions R functions in the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system describing the
28、tristimulus values X, Y, Z for monochromatic colour stimuli of equal radiance and where the wavelength is a variable TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1 PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) 2.3 CIE colour matching functions functions in the CIE 1964 standard col
29、orimetric system describing the tristimulus values X 10 , Y 10 , Z 10for monochromatic colour stimuli of equal radiance and where the wavelength is a variable 2.4 chromaticity coordinates ratio of each of a set of three tristimulus values to their sum Note 1 to entry: As the sum of the three chromat
30、icity coordinates is equal to one, two of them are sufficient to define a chromaticity. Note 2 to entry: In the CIE standard colorimetric systems, the chromaticity coordinates are represented by the symbols x, y, z and x 10 , y 10 , z 10 . SOURCE: CIE S 017 /E:2011 ILV, 17-145 2.5 CIELAB colour spac
31、e three-dimensional approximately uniform colour space, produced by plotting in rectangular coordinates L*, a*, b* quantities defined by the formulae given in 3.7 Note 1 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness of the test piece, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100 is defin
32、ed by the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-green and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that +a* is a measure of the degree of redness of the test piece, a* is a measure of the degree of greenness of the test piece, +b* is a measure o
33、f the degree of yellowness of the test piece, and b* is a measure of the degree of blueness of the test piece. If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey. SOURCE: ISO 5631-3:2014, 3.6, modified 2.5.1 CIELAB colour (C/2) L*, a* and b* values of the sample according to the CIELAB 1976
34、 system, evaluated according to the CIE 1931 (2) standard colorimetric observer and the CIE illuminant C 2.5.2 CIELAB colour (D65/10) L*, a* and b* values of the sample according to the CIELAB 1976 system, evaluated according to the CIE 1964 (10) standard colorimetric observer and the CIE standard i
35、lluminant D65 2.5.3 CIELAB colour (D50/2) L*, a* and b* values of the sample according to the CIELAB 1976 system, evaluated according to the CIE 1931 (2) standard colorimetric observer and the CIE illuminant D502 ISO 2015 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) 2.5.4 CIELAB col
36、our difference * distance in the CIELAB colour space between two colour stimuli 2.6 effective residual ink concentration ERIC number ratio of the light absorption coefficient of pulp or paper containing ink to the light absorption coefficient of the ink itself, both being determined at a wavelength
37、of 950 nm Note 1 to entry: The ERIC number is dimensionless. SOURCE: ISO 22754:2008, 3.6 2.7 f luor e s c e nc e c omp one nt F B,Sor F W,Sf o r s p e c i f i e d C I E i l l u m i n a n t S fluorescence component is used as a measure of the extent to which the brightness (F B ) or whiteness (F W )
38、of the material is affected by emission from added fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) when the light source of the specified CIE illuminant (S = C or D65) emits UV radiation Note 1 to entry: Relevant standards: ISO 2470-1, ISO 2470-2, ISO 11475, ISO 11476. Note 2 to entry: Examples of codification: F
39、 B C : fluorescence component calculated for C/2 brightness measurement; F W, D65: fluorescence component calculated for D65/10 whiteness measurement. 2.8 f l u o re s ce n t whi te ning ag e n t FWA fluorescing materials absorbing ultraviolet light and converting it into visible blue light Note 1 t
40、o entry: The fluorescing light adds to light reflected by the pulp in the blue range and compensates for the absorbed share of the light. Note 2 to entry: The absorption maximum of the usual FWAs is around 360 nm in the UV range and their maximum of emission is in the blue range of the visible light
41、 at approximately 440 nm. By this fact, the yellow tint of the bleached pulp is compensated and seen by the human eye as white. Note 3 to entry: FWAs in paper can only be effective when they are exposed to a light source with an adequate component of UV light. Light emitted by incandescent lamps and
42、 some LEDs have practically no UV component, ie radiation with a wavelength of less than 400 nm. FWAs are not sufficiently activated by such light sources. Daylight does contain an adequate UV component although the intensity of the light and the relative contribution of the UV component depends on
43、the time of day, time of the year, geographical standpoint, weather conditions, etc. Note 4 to entry: This term is often equivalent to optical brightening agent (OBA) (2.25). SOURCE: Bayer Blankophor fluorescent whitening agents for the paper industry 2.9 glossmode of appearance by which reflected h
44、ighlights of objects are perceived as superimposed on the surface due to the directionally selective properties of that surface SOURCE: CIE S 017 /E:2011 ILV, 17-500 ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3 PD ISO/TR 10688:2015 ISO/TR 10688:2015(E) 2.10 illuminant radiation with a relative spectral power dist
45、ribution defined over the wavelength range that influences object colour perception Note 1 to entry: In everyday English, this term is not restricted to this sense, but is also used for any kind of light falling on a body or scene. SOURCE: CIE S 017 /E:2011 ILV, 17-554 2.11 l i g ht - s c at t er i
46、n g c o e f f ic ie nt s fraction of the spectral radiant flux diffusely incident on a differential layer within a material that is reflected when the flux passes through the layer, divided by the thickness of the layer Note 1 to entry: The flux referred to is a radiant flux across the differential
47、layer. Note 2 to entry: It is assumed that no reflection occurs at the boundaries of the material. Note 3 to entry: In a two-flux system, the scattering coefficient is equal to the net transfer of flux from the stronger flux to the weaker flux in a differential layer within a material divided by the
48、 product of the thickness of the layer and the difference between the fluxes. SOURCE: ISO 9416:2009, 3.7 2.12 l i g h t -s c a t t e r i n g c o e f f i c i e n t b y r e f l e c t a n c e f a c t o r m e a s u r e m e n t s s vcoefficient calculated by application of the Kubelka-Munk equations to l
49、uminance factor data weighted with respect to the CIE illuminant C, obtained in an instrument having a specified geometry and calibrated in a specified manner, on the basis of grammage Note 1 to entry: s vis expressed in square metres per kilogram (m 2 /kg). 2.13 l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g c o e f f i c i e n t a t 9 5 0 n m b y r e f l e c t a n c e f a c t o r m e a s u r e m e n t s s 950coefficient calculat
