1、BSI Standards Publication Artificial recharge to groundwater PD ISO/TR 13973:2014National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 13973:2014. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee CPI/113, Hydrometry, to Subcommittee CPI/113/1, Hydro
2、metric methods and instrumentation. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Ins
3、titution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 76703 6 ICS 07.060 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2014. Ame
4、ndments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO 2014 Artificial recharge to groundwater Recharge artificielle des eaux souterraines TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 13973 Reference number ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) First edition 2014-11-15 PD ISO/TR 13973:
5、2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or postin
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7、htiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E)Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope .1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Artificial recharge techniques 1 4.1 Surface spreading techniques 2 4.2 Subsurface techniques .18 4.3
8、Combination of surface and sub-surface techniques 27 5 Environmental impact assessment 28 5.1 Monitoring of recharge structures 28 5.2 Water level monitoring .28 5.3 Water quality monitoring .29 Bibliography .32 ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) Foreword ISO
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15、mmittee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 113, Ground water.iv ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) Introduction Excessive extraction/use of ground water for various applications has resulted in marked lowering of ground water levels. Ground water levels are d
16、epleting very fast in various areas threatening ground water sustainability and causing adverse environmental impacts. Artificial recharge to ground water provides augmentation of ground water resources using surplus surface water available. Artificial recharge techniques can be applied to address t
17、he following issues: a) enhance the sustainability of ground water resources in an area where over-development has depleted the aquifer; b) conservation and storage of surplus water for future requirements; c) improve the quality of existing ground water through dilution. The following are basic req
18、uirements for recharging the ground water reservoir: a) availability of surplus water of suitable quality in space and time; b) suitable hydrogeological environment; c) identification of sites for augmenting groundwater; d) cost effective and appropriate artificial recharge techniques and structures
19、. Availability of source water of suitable quality is one of the prime requisites for ground water recharge. This can be assessed by analysing the water resources available as runoff and rainfall. The physical, chemical, and biological quality of the recharge water is important in planning and selec
20、tion of recharge method. Age of water used for recharge is also considered important in certain cases. The hydrogeological situation in each area needs to be appraised with a view to assess the recharge capabilities of the underlying geological formations. Detailed knowledge of geological and hydrol
21、ogical features of the area is necessary for proper selection of site and type of recharge structure. In particular, the input on geological boundaries, hydraulic boundaries, inflow and outflow of waters, storage capacity, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, natural discharge of spring
22、s, water resources available for recharge, natural recharge, water balance, lithology, depth of the aquifer, and tectonic boundaries features such as lineaments, shear zones, etc. are required for effective and efficient artificial recharge to ground water. The aquifers best suited for artificial re
23、charge are those that can hold large quantities of water and do not release them too quickly. The evaluation of the storage potential of sub-surface reservoirs (aquifers) is invariably based on the knowledge of dimensional data of permeable material in floodplain (alluvial), reservoir rock which inc
24、ludes their thickness and lateral extent. The availability of sub-surface storage space and its replenishment capacity further govern the extent of ground water recharge. Artificial recharge techniques envisage integrating the surface water resources to ground water repositories resulting in changes
25、 in the ground water regime, like a) rise in water level, b) increment in the total volume of the ground water reservoir, c) availability for extended period, and d) quality of ground water. The upper part of the unsaturated zone is not considered for recharging since it can cause adverse environmen
26、tal impacts like water logging, soil salinity, dampness, etc. Artificial recharge projects are site-specific and replication of the techniques even in similar areas is to be based on the local hydrogeological and hydrological environments. Artificial recharge to ground water is generally supported b
27、y the remote sensing studies, hydro-meteorological studies, hydro- ISO 2014 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) geological studies, hydrological studies, soil infiltration testing, geophysical studies, hydro-chemical studies, etc. The studies bring out the potential of un
28、saturated zone in terms of total volume, which can be recharged. Artificial recharge of ground water is normally undertaken in the following: a) areas where ground water levels are continuously declining; b) areas where substantial volume of aquifer has already been de-saturated; c) areas where avai
29、lability of ground water is inadequate in lean months; d) areas where studies indicate scope for improvement of quality of ground water or areas where salinity ingress into fresh water aquifers has already taken place or is likely to happen in the near future.vi ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/T
30、R 13973:2014 Artificial recharge to groundwater 1 Scope This Technical Report provides details of methods aimed at augmentation of ground water resources by modifying the natural movement of surface water as a general guide. This Technical Report does not cover the process of deciding and planning a
31、rtificial recharge within an overall water resource management scheme. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
32、document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 772, Hydrometry Vocabulary and symbols 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 772 apply. 4 Artificial recharge techniques A wide spectrum of techniques are used to recharge ground water reserv
33、oirs. Artificial recharge techniques are broadly categorized as a) surface spreading techniques, b) sub-surface techniques, and c) combination of surface and sub-surface techniques. Aquifer disposition plays a decisive role in choosing the appropriate technique of artificial recharge of ground water
34、 as illustrated in Figure 1. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1 PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) Key 1 and 2 surface spreading techniques 3, 4, and 5 sub-surface techniques 6 indication of water table/piezometeric head NOTE Local regulations might exclude c
35、ertain artificial recharge options, such as aquifer to aquifer interconnection, as shown in item 4. Figure 1 Recharge techniques for increasingly deep permeable materials. 4.1 Surface spreading techniques These are aimed at increasing the contact area and residence time of surface water over the soi
36、l to enhance the infiltration and to augment the ground water storage in phreatic aquifers. The important considerations in the selection of sites for artificial recharge through surface spreading techniques include the following: a) the aquifer being recharged should be unconfined, permeable, and s
37、ufficiently thick to provide storage space; b) the surface soil should be permeable and have high infiltration rate; c) vadose zone should be permeable and free from clay lenses; d) ground water levels in the phreatic zone should be deep so as to accommodate the recharged water without water logging
38、; e) the aquifer material should have moderate hydraulic conductivity so that the recharged water is retained for sufficiently long periods in the aquifer and can be used when needed as natural repositories. The most common surface spreading techniques used for artificial recharge to ground water ar
39、e flooding, ditch and furrow, recharge basins, runoff conservation structures, and stream modifications.2 ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) 4.1.1 Flooding This technique is ideal for lands adjoining rivers or irrigation canals in which water levels remain deep ev
40、en after monsoons and where sufficient non-committed surface water supplies are available. The schematics of a typical flooding system are shown in Figure 2. To ensure proper contact time and water spread, embankments are provided on two sides to guide the unutilized surface water to a return canal
41、to carry the excess water to the stream or canal. Flooding method helps reduce the evaporation losses from the surface water system, is the least expensive of all artificial recharge methods available, and has very low maintenance costs. 4.1.2 Ditch and furrows method This method involves constructi
42、on of shallow, flat-bottomed, and closely spaced ditches or furrows to provide maximum water contact area for recharge from source stream or canal. The ditches should have adequate slope to maintain flow velocity and minimum deposition of sediments. The widths of the ditches are typically in the ran
43、ge of 0,30 m to 1,80 m. A collecting channel to convey the excess water back to the source stream or canal should also be provided. Figure 3 shows a typical plan of a series of furrows originating from a supply ditch and trending down the topographic slope toward the stream. Though this technique in
44、volves less soil preparation when compared to recharge basins and is less sensitive to silting, the water contact area seldom exceeds 10 % of the total recharge area. Three common patterns viz. lateral ditch pattern, dendritic pattern, and contour pattern are detailed as follows and shown in Figure
45、4: a) Lateral ditch pattern: the water from the stream is diverted to the feeder canal/ditch from which smaller ditches are taken out at right angles. The rate of flow of water from the feeder canal to these ditches is controlled by gate valves. The furrow depth is determined in accordance with the
46、topography and to ensure that maximum wetted surface is available along with maintenance of uniform velocity. The excess water is routed to the main stream through a return canal along with the residual silt. b) Dendritic pattern: water from the stream can be diverted from the main canal into a seri
47、es of smaller ditches spread in a dendritic pattern. The bifurcation of ditches continues until practically all the water is infiltrated into the ground. c) Contour pattern: ditches are excavated following the ground surface contour of the area. When a ditch comes close to the stream, a switch back
48、is made to meander back and forth to traverse the spread repeatedly. At the lowest point downstream, the ditch joins the main stream, returning the excess water to it. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3 PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) Key 1 stream 2 direction of flow 3 return flow 4 delivery c
49、anal 5 sheet flow 6 embankment Figure 2 Schematics of a typical flood recharge system4 ISO 2014 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E) Key 1 stream 2 diversion structure 3 gate and measuring device 4 various recharge ditches 5 supply ditch 6 alternate diversion 7 supply ditch 8 wire bound check dam 9 collecting ditch 10 measuring device 11 prevailing ground slope 12 ditch Figure 3 Schematics of a typical ditch and furrows recharge system ISO 2014 All rights reserved 5 PD ISO/TR 13973:2014 ISO/TR 13973:2014(E)
