1、BSI Standards Publication PD ISO/TR 18160:2014 Document management Digital preservation Analog recording to silver-gelatin microformPD ISO/TR 18160:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 18160:2014. The UK participation in its preparation
2、 was entrusted to Technical Committee IDT/1, Document Management Applications. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its cor
3、rect application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 87134 4 ICS 37.080 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and
4、Strategy Committee on 30 September 2014. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD ISO/TR 18160:2014 ISO 2014 Document management Digital preservation Analog recording to silver-gelatin microform Gestion des documents Conservation numrique Enregistrement analogique au microforme sur g
5、latine-argent TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18160 First edition 2014-09-15 Reference number ISO/TR 18160:2014(E)PD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be
6、reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requ
7、ester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandPD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2
8、Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Document imaging 1 5 Archive storage media 2 6 Document scanner setting and quality control 4 6.1 Digital imaging system quality control 4 6.2 Image creation document scanner setting and quality control use of ISO test chart 4 7 Guidelines for im
9、age recording quality control . 5 8 Film process quality control . 6 Annex A (informative) Targets 7 Bibliography 9PD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). Th
10、e work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-gov
11、ernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
12、in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the
13、 possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO l
14、ist of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as w
15、ell as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 171, Document management applications, Subcommittee SC 1, Quality.iv ISO 2014 All r
16、ights reservedPD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) Introduction The perceived value of condensing information by optically filming documents, engineering drawings, and cartographic materials to microfilm has been well established along with a large collection of ISO standards that have provided
17、standards and guidance for many years. As more and more information is generated in digital format, only concerns have arisen regarding preservation of digital data and images. History has shown that as long as preservation information is kept in analog format, the digital format becomes more usable
18、, upgradable, and most importantly, safer. The National Micrographics Association (NMA) in 1943 started standardization of practices for the manufacture and use of microfilm, supplies, and equipment in conjunction with organizations such as, the National Bureau of Standards (later to become National
19、 Institute of Standards (NIST), National Archives of the US (NARA), Library of Congress (LOC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), manufacturers such as, Eastman Kodak Company, 3M, Dupont, IBM, and many others. These documents were introduced into the ISO environment and published as ISO 6
20、199:2005, Micrographics Microfilming of documents on 16 mm and 35 mm silver-gelatin type microfilm Operating procedures, and ISO 9923:1994, Micrographics Transparent A6 microfiche Image arrangements. In about 1960, Enterprise Report Management (ERM) recognized the value of directly recording compute
21、r data onto microfilm using Computer Output Microfilm (COM). These practices and documents all share the common practice of using optical techniques for information capture onto microfilm. The critical test element used in measuring quality in all these systems is based on the ISO test chart 3334 (s
22、ee Figure 1). These were introduced into ISO as ISO 8514-1:2000, Micrographics Alphanumeric computer output microforms Quality control Part 1: Characteristics of the test slide and test data, and ISO 8514-2:2000, Micrographics Alphanumeric computer output microforms Quality control Part 2: Method. I
23、SO 2014 All rights reserved vPD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) Figure 1 Reproduction of ISO test chart 3334 The key features of this target are sets of five equally spaced lines and spaces that can be filmed at any optical reduction ratio; and by simply examining the resultant image, one can
24、determine camera/film system resolution. The resolution is determined by multiplying the smallest readable element by the reduction ratio to determine line pairs per mm resolution. In summary, there is a good body of standardized reference materials for measuring quality and ensuring good quality co
25、ntrol for traditional optical microfilming or for recording digital data onto microfilm. ISO 11506 further demonstrated the value and gave some guidelines for formatting digital data and images to microfilm.vi ISO 2014 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 18160:2014TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) Docu
26、ment management Digital preservation Analog recording to silver-gelatin microform 1 Scope This Technical Report recommends test methods for evaluating the consistency of the digital images recorded onto black and white silver microfilm using input from both digitally born documents as well as digita
27、l documents created from document scanners. Quality control procedures to be used for optimizing and maintaining output quality onto film over time are described. This Technical Report stresses the use of both commercial and ISO approved standard test targets. The test methods are based on the visua
28、l examination of the output of office document scanners and digitally born test targets on film image recorders. It is applicable to assessing the output quality of document scanners used in the office and film image recorders used to record the resultant scanned images to microfilm. Microforms can
29、be any common formats including 16 mm, 35 mm, and 105 mm roll microfilm, as well as microfiche depending on the film image recorder capability. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application.
30、For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6196 (all parts), Micrographics Vocabulary ISO 12651-1, Electronic document management Vocabulary Part 1: Electronic document imaging 3
31、T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6196 and ISO 12651-1 apply. 4 Document imaging In the late 1980s, companies such as Anacomp Inc., Agfa Gevaert, and later on, Micrographic Technology Corporation now Global Information Distributors (Gl
32、D) introduced all points addressable imaging devices that no longer use fixed form slides, and thus, ISO 8514-1:2000 was no longer applicable. With the cooperation of manufacturers and users, ISO developed new standards for controlling quality produced on these all points addressable image recorders
33、. These standards describe a digital target, which when called out by the software will write an image intended to verify the performance of the imaging device. This target is independent of the particular COM manufacturer as it is written from digital data only. The primary application of these dev
34、ices at that time was still outputting Enterprise Report Management (ERM) data. These were developed by ISO as ISO 14648-1:2001, Micrographics Quality control of COM recorders that generate images using a single internal display system Part 1: Characteristics of the software test target, and ISO 146
35、48-2:2001, Micrographics Quality control of COM recorders that generate images using a single internal display system Part 2: Method of use. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1PD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) 5 Archive storage media With the advent of document scanners in the 1980s, document imag
36、ing allowed users to convert paper documents to digital images, dramatically increasing the access and communicability of information. However, many commercial, government, and academic institutions still prefer or require permanent records to be on microfilm for permanent preservation. The need to
37、store digital information has precipitated the development of many digital media types and systems. Experts quickly realized that a significant portion of this information would be subject to digital obsolescence, if not preserved carefully. Thus, conversion of these images to digital film can provi
38、de this insurance. In 1995, the introduction of the Kodak Digital Science Document Archive Writer Model 4800 provided a cost efficient manner of capturing these scanned images to digital film as analog images. The image recorder offered rapid conversion of scanned documents to LE 500 (minimum life e
39、xpectancy 500 years) standard silver-gelatin microfilm. ISO 18901:2010 provides specifications and test requirements to verify that the storage media meets the requirements for LE 500. The first question to be asked was, of course, how does one measure quality control this device? Multiple commercia
40、l image recorders now dot the industry and quality control standards are needed for the entire process including digitization of the original documents and quality control of the process of recording them on film. A simple answer would be to use a digitally created target such as that described in I
41、SO 14648-1:2001 and ISO 14648-2:2001, as referenced above, but users associate these standards with COM rather than document imaging. Kodak chose to introduce its own test target to test all elements of the image recorder and included such a target in the software to do so. This is similar to digita
42、l targets offered by Microsoft and printing device manufacturers. The software test target for digital film image recorders should be considered in a similar concept as the printer test image found in office printers. An example of a typical office printer target is shown in Figure 2.2 ISO 2014 All
43、rights reservedPD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) Figure 2 Windows XP printer test page ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3PD ISO/TR 18160:2014ISO/TR 18160:2014(E) 6 Document scanner setting and quality control 6.1 Digital imaging system quality control Each element of the system should be critique
44、d and controlled individually and ultimately as a whole, by choosing the right test processes. Unlike traditional optical filming systems where capture and recording were combined in digital systems, the capture and recording (writing) steps can be and are separated. Verification of quality and reco
45、rding of results along each step of the way are critical components of a full imaging system. Problems occur when improper targets are chosen for any part of the system. The key steps are image creation - document scanner quality (see ISO 12653-1:2000), image recording - printer (film image recorder
46、) quality (see ISO 14648-1:2001), and film processing quality (see ISO 6199:2005). 6.2 Image creation document scanner setting and quality control use of ISO test chart 6.2.1 General Critical factors in producing quality images from document scanners include the following: a) calibration (as require
47、d); b) brightness/contrast; c) resolution settings (DPI); d) thresholding (when converting to black and white); e) mechanical and operational issues. 6.2.2 Calibration Calibration sets the parameters so that the image sensors know what is truly white and what is truly black. For colour or greyscale
48、scanners, this is still important so that proper tone scale or image hue will be captured. The need for calibration varies from scanner to scanner between manufacturers and from model to model from any given manufacturer. For some, calibration is factory set and no user intervention is required. For
49、 others, daily calibration may be needed; and in some cases, the user interface will report a need for calibration to the operator. 6.2.3 Brightness/contrast Brightness and contrast settings determine how bold or weak character or picture character will be. This setting may be somewhat dependent on the intended use of the digital image. If an image is to be used to create a permanent record on microfilm or for optical character recognition (OCR), one may want to set the b
