1、PD ISO/TR 21275:2017 Rubber Comprehensive review of the composition and nature of process fumes in the rubber industry BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06PD ISO/TR 21275:2017 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK impleme
2、ntation of ISO/TR 21275:2017. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PRI/90, Rubber and Rubber Products. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the neces
3、sary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017 ISBN 978 0 580 93359 2 ICS 83.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard
4、was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2017. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affectedPD ISO/TR 21275:2017 ISO 2017 Rubber Comprehensive review of the composition and nature of process fumes in the rubber industry Caout
5、chouc Examen exhaustif de la composition et de la nature des fumes de process dans lindustrie du caoutchouc TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21275 Reference number ISO/TR 21275:2017(E) First edition 2017-02PD ISO/TR 21275:2017ISO/TR 21275:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT IS
6、O 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permis
7、sion. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgPD ISO/TR 21275:2017
8、ISO/TR 21275:2017(E)Foreword v Introduction vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Overview of the rubber industry . 8 4.1 General . 8 4.2 Rubber component production processes 8 4.3 Generic rubber types 11 4.4 Rubber chemicals and additives .12 4.5 Mechanistic chemis
9、try of rubber vulcanization 13 4.5.1 Generality 13 4.5.2 Sulfur-accelerated cure systems13 4.5.3 Peroxide-based cure systems .14 4.5.4 Metal oxides 14 4.5.5 Other vulcanizing systems14 4.6 Effect of elevated temperature on rubbery polymers and rubber additives 15 5 Definition of rubber fumes .15 6 N
10、ature and composition of rubber fumes .16 6.1 General 16 6.2 Key components of rubber fumes and their origin 16 6.3 Trapping and analysis of rubber fumes 17 6.3.1 General.17 6.3.2 Characterization studies carried out in factory environments .17 6.3.3 Characterization studies carried out under labora
11、tory conditions 18 6.4 Changes in rubber technology that have influenced the nature and composition of rubber fumes and improved the protection of workers in the industry 19 6.4.1 General.19 6.4.2 Overall trend in rubber workers exposure to total rubber fumes 19 6.4.3 Polyaromatic hydrocarbons 19 6.
12、4.4 Nitrosamines 19 6.4.5 Silane coupling agents and resorcinol steel cord coating agent 19 7 Factors affecting the variability of rubber fumes 19 7.1 General 19 7.2 Influence of the rubber compound formulation on the composition of rubber fumes .20 7.3 Influence of different manufacturing processes
13、 on rubber fumes 20 7.4 Influence of different processing temperatures on the composition of rubber fumes .21 8 Review of literature on the composition and nature of rubber process fumes .22 8.1 Comprehensive literature search .22 8.1.1 General.22 8.1.2 Rubber fumes data obtained from factory atmosp
14、heres .22 8.1.3 Rubber fumes data obtained by laboratory studies .32 8.1.4 Research on sampling and analysis techniques for rubber fumes.36 8.1.5 Influence of rubber additives on the composition of rubber fumes 38 8.1.6 Work carried out at Rapra Technology Ltd. .40 8.2 Other sources of information 4
15、1 8.2.1 General.41 8.2.2 Search strategy for external databases 42 8.2.3 Chemical abstracts results 42 8.2.4 General POLLUAB and NTSI database results .43 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents PagePD ISO/TR 21275:2017ISO/TR 21275:2017(E)8.2.5 Search of industry-relevant publications, government
16、publications and relevant websites . .43 9 Summary of the finding of the lit er atur e r e vie w 44 10 Conclusions .45 Annex A (informative) Abbreviated terms 47 Bibliography .49 iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 21275:2017ISO/TR 21275:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for
17、Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the r
18、ight to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedu
19、res used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial
20、 rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent right
21、s identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an e
22、xplanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html. This
23、document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vPD ISO/TR 21275:2017ISO/TR 21275:2017(E) Introduction Fumes emitted during the rubber manufacturing processes were the topic of many studies. This comprehensive study was undertaken to c
24、ompile and review published data with respect to rubber fume emissions in the workplace. This review has provided a comprehensive bank of technical data for dissemination and further debate. It has assessed literature regarding the chemical composition of rubber fumes in manufacturing from a compreh
25、ensive range of processes. It has been postulated that fume emissions from rubber compound vulcanization can be considered a single chemical entity, cited as posing a carcinogenic risk to human health. Although many studies have tried to characterize rubber fume emissions, there is no known concise
26、study that provides a rational explanation for this conclusion. This study has tested this postulation and provided an insight as to whether it is a sound conclusion. The aim of this project was to evaluate, on a basis of sound scientific literature, whether it is scientifically robust to consider “
27、rubber fumes” as a homogeneous entity from a chemical point of view and, more importantly, in relation to measurement and control of occupational exposure risk for the rubber industry as a whole. An extensive literature review aimed at providing a compilation of literature related to rubber fume emi
28、ssions, this study has concentrated on the chemical compositional aspects of rubber fumes only and not on the toxicological or epidemiological aspects. In addition, although rubber dust and rubber fumes are being considered by the EU for a potential incorporation in the scope of the Carcinogens Dire
29、ctive, this study has only considered rubber fumes. This document provides detailed information on the study carried out, the results obtained from the literature reviews and the conclusions drawn from this information. This document comprises two main parts; the first provides a general overview of
30、 the key areas of rubber technology and the second provides an extensive review of in-house and external literature on the composition and nature of rubber process fumes. Natural rubber (NR) has been known to the civilized world since about 1493 when early European explorers found natives of Haiti p
31、laying with balls made from the exudates of a tree called “cau-uchu”. The term “rubber” was coined much later by the English chemist J.B. Priestly for its ability to erase lead pencil marks. The French scientist De La Condamine first introduced NR to Europe in 1736 and published his observations on
32、the material in 1745. Industrial application of rubber only occurred after Charles Goodyear in 1841 discovered the process termed “vulcanization”, which converted the rubber to a more stable and useful material, that paved the way for the growth of the modern industry. Synthetic rubbers were first p
33、roduced in Germany in the 1930s, and during the Second World War when the supply of natural rubber was interrupted, methods were developed for the bulk production of synthetic rubbers. Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was one of the first synthetic rubbers to be developed and manufactured in high volu
34、me in the 1940s, mainly for the production of tyres and in an attempt to match the properties of natural rubber. Since that time, many different synthetic rubbers have been developed to allow the use of rubber in a very wide variety of environments and applications. Over the years, the importance of
35、 rubber to modern life has constantly increased. This is not always immediately apparent because rubber components are often not colourful, eye catching or are used in applications where they are not readily visible. Natural and synthetic rubber compounds are used in a highly diverse range of rubber
36、 products which are manufactured throughout the world for various sectors of industry and for a variety of end users, including, but not exclusively, automotive, aerospace, medical/pharmaceutical, defence, commercial, general industrial and others. Of the sectors where rubber is used, the automotive
37、 industry is of particular importance since tyre and tyre products account for approximately 60 % of the synthetic rubber and 75 % of the natural rubber used today.vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 21275:2017ISO/TR 21275:2017(E) Table 1 provides an overview of the diverse range of rubber comp
38、onents made from general manufacturing processes and dipped latex technology. The list of components is by no means exhaustive but helps highlight the diverse areas and products in which rubber is used. Table 1 Range of rubber components Tyres passenger cars, trucks, racing vehicles, cycles, off-roa
39、d tyres, inner tubes, curing bladders Conveyor/ Transmission belting steel cord conveyor belting, repair material for conveyor belting, scrapers, min- ing conveyors, V-belts, flat belts, synchronous belts Industrial hoses water hoses, high-pressure hoses, welding hoses, hydraulic hoses, spiral hoses
40、, offshore hoses, oil hoses, chemical hoses Automotive products coolant hoses, fuel hoses, seals and gaskets, anti-vibration mounts, hydraulic hoses, fuel injectors, timing belts, window and door channelling, transmission and engine components, wiper blades, exhaust hangers General mouldings/ Sheeti
41、ng moulded seals and gaskets, anti-vibration products, floor coverings, sheeting, tube rings, roofing layers, subsoil water sheeting, roller coverings, protection linings, moulded micro-cellular products, composite profiles, rubberized fabric, micro-cellular rubbers/profiles, wire and cable jackets
42、and insulations, glass sealants, pump impellors, roof membranes, pond liners, rail mounts, bridge bearings, military vehicle track pads Medical/ Pharmaceutical products surgical gloves, medical tubing, MDI valve gaskets, catheters, dialysis products, surgical implants, prostheses, contraceptives, so
43、others, baby feeding teats and breast caps, blood transfusion tubing and valves, medical and antistatic sheeting and membranes, masks and respirators Clothing boots/footwear, protective suits, household gloves, industrial gloves, footwear/ boot heels and soling, cellular rubber soles, wet suits, div
44、ing suits, coated fab- rics, sports footwear and clothing Food contact products food transportation (e.g. conveyer belts, hoses and tubing), food handling (gloves), pipe and machinery components (seals, gaskets, flexible connectors and diaphragm/butterfly valves), pumping system components (progress
45、ive cavity pumps stators, diaphragm pumps), plate heat exchanger gaskets, seals/gaskets for cans, bottles and closures Potable water products pipe seals and gaskets, hoses, linings of pumps and valves, tap washers, mem- branes in pipes and filters, coatings on process plant, tank linings Miscellaneo
46、us products adhesives, rubberized asphalt, high vacuum and radiation components, carpet backing, latex thread, sealants and caulking, toys It is important that the reader of this document concludes that the rubber material used to make any particular product is not a single entity but is a complex c
47、ompounded material referred to as a “compound” or “formulation”, which may contain a large number of essential chemical ingredients. These ingredients will include the base rubber polymer(s), reinforcing and non-reinforcing particulate fillers, process oils, vulcanizing agents, protective agents, pr
48、ocess aids, etc. (all of which are available in many types and grades from many suppliers and can be included at different levels). The company or individual who designs a rubber formulation for a specific product has a vast number of ingredients to choose from and as such, many formulations are the
49、refore possible for a specific rubber product. The processing route by which the majority of rubber components are manufactured includes mixing the ingredients together in a controlled manner to produce a rubber “compound” or “mix”, shaping of the mixed compound to give the desired shape or form, then “vulcanizing” (also known as “crosslinking” and “curing”) the compound to convert it to a condition where it has permanent properties and shape. The type of rubber materials and manufacturing processes used will depend upon the individual product and are
